Physics / Fizik
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/6
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Research Project İnce film güneş pilleri için titanyum üzerine mıknatssal saçtırma tekniğiyle üretilmiş Cu2ZnSnS4 yarıiletkeni(TÜBİTAK - Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, 2013) Aygün Özyüzer, Gülnur; Yanmaz, Ekrem; Yazıcı, Şebnem; Olgar, Mehmet Ali; Akça, Fatime GülşahGünümüz ince film fotovoltaik teknolojisinde, yaygın olarak kullanılan üç tür yarıiletken bileşik vardır. Bunlar, halihazırda %20’lerde verim sağlayabilen CdTe, CuInxGa1-xS(Se)2 (CIGS) ve %10 verim sağlayan ince film amorf silisyumdur. Bu bileşiklerin içeriğindeki In, Ga ve Te gibi elementlerin yüksek maliyeti, düşük yeryüzü rezervi ve toksik özellik göstermesi gibi dezavantajlara sahip olması sebepleriyle, çevreye dost ve düşük maliyetli Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) bileşiğinin yeni nesil güneş hücresi teknolojisinde kullanılması için çalışmalara başlanmıştır. CZTS bileşiği direk yasak bant aralıklı bir yarıiletken olup, soğurma katsayısı 104 cm-1 in üzerinde, yasak bant aralığı ise 1.45– 1.6 eV civarındadır ve yüksek verimli ideal güneş hücresi için mükemmel bir adaydır. Bu projede, CZTS güneş hücresi soğurucu tabakası, yüksek vakumda dört-kaynaklı mıknatıssal saçtırma yöntemiyle, Ti ince film kaplı sinterflex seramik alttaşlar üzerine büyütülmüştür. Ayrıca, esnek metalik alttaş olarak, Ti ve Mo folyolar kullanarak da büyütmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Büyütülen ince filmler, sülfür tozu kullanılarak 500 ºC’nin üzerinde argon (Ar) gazı eşliğinde sülfürleme işlemi yapılmıştır. Örneklerimizin yapısal karakterizasyonları; XRD, Raman Spektroskopisi, XPS, EDS ve SEM analizleri aracılığıyla yapılmıştır. XRD analizinde, kesterit yapıdaki CZTS bileşiğinin öncül olarak 2Ө=28.57o ’de oluşması gereken (112) yüzeyinden gelen kırınım piki ve diğer karakteristik pikler gözlemlenmiştir. Raman Spektroskopi analizi sonucunda ise 338 ve 287 cm-1 de görülen pikler XRD analizini desteklemektedir. SEM görüntülerinde CZTS kristallerin oldukça yoğun, birbirine geçmiş homojen bir yapıya sahip olduğu ve geniş tane büyüklükleri içerdiği gözlenmiştir. UVspektrofotometreden aldığımız geçirgenlik ve yansıtıcılık ölçümleri yardımıyla örneklerimizin ortalama 1.55 eV yasak bant aralıklı olduğu hesaplanmıştır. Sıcaklığa bağlı elektriksel ölçümlerde ise dört nokta metodu ile yüzey direnci ve özdirenci; Van der Pauw metoduyla da p-tipi yarıiletken yapısında, deşik taşıyıcı yoğunluğunun 6.8x1020 cm-3, mobilitelerinin ise 0.40 cm2/Vs olduğu bulunmuştur.Article Citation - WoS: 21Citation - Scopus: 24Effect of Defects and Secondary Phases in Cu2znsns4 Absorber Material on the Performance of Zn(o,s) Buffered Devices(Elsevier Ltd., 2019) Türkoğlu, Fulya; Köseoğlu, Hasan; Cantaş, Ayten; Akça, Fatime Gülşah; Meriç, Ece; Buldu, Dilara Gökçen; Aygün, GülnurCopper zinc fin sulfide (CZTS) absorber layer attracts so much attention in photovoltaic industry since it contains earth abundant, low cost and non-toxic elements contrary to other chalcogenide based solar cells. In the present work, CZTS absorber layers were prepared following a two-stage process: firstly, a stack of metal precursors (Copper (Cu)/Tin (Sn)/Zinc (Zn)/Copper (Cu)) were deposited on molybdenum (Mo) substrate by magnetron sputtering, then this stack was annealed under S atmosphere inside a tubular furnace. CZTS thin films were investigated using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The effect of sulfurization time and the thickness of top and bottom Cu layer in precursors on the properties of CZTS thin films were investigated. The importance of Cu thickness adjacent to Sn to avoid detrimental phases was addressed. The significance of sulfurization time to restrict the Sn and Zn losses, formation of oxides such as fin dioxide and zinc oxide, and formation of molybdenum disulfide and voids between Mo/CZTS interface was also addressed. Moreover, cadmium sulfide buffer layer, which is conventionally used in CZTS solar cells, is replaced by an environmentally friendly alternative zinc oxysulfide buffer layer.Article Citation - WoS: 35Citation - Scopus: 38Influence of Sulfurization Temperature on Cu2znsns4 Absorber Layer on Flexible Titanium Substrates for Thin Film Solar Cells(IOP Publishing Ltd., 2018) Buldu, Dilara Gökçen; Cantaş, Ayten; Türkoğlu, Fulya; Akça, Fatime Gülşah; Meriç, Ece; Özdemir, Mehtap; Tarhan, Enver; Özyüzer, Lütfi; Aygün, GülnurIn this study, the effect of sulfurization temperature on the morphology, composition and structure of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films grown on titanium (Ti) substrates has been investigated. Since Ti foils are flexible, they were preferred as a substrate. As a result of their flexibility, they allow large area manufacturing and roll-to-roll processes. To understand the effects of sulfurization temperature on the CZTS formation on Ti foils, CZTS films fabricated with various sulfurization temperatures were investigated with several analyses including x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman scattering. XRD measurements showed a sharp and intense peak coming from the (112) planes of the kesterite type lattice structure (KS), which is strong evidence for good crystallinity. The surface morphologies of our thin films were investigated using SEM. Electron dispersive spectroscopy was also used for the compositional analysis of the thin films. According to these analysis, it is observed that Ti foils were suitable as substrates for the growth of CZTS thin films with desired properties and the sulfurization temperature plays a crucial role for producing good quality CZTS thin films on Ti foil substrates.Article Citation - WoS: 42Citation - Scopus: 46Importance of Cds Buffer Layer Thickness on Cu2znsns4-Based Solar Cell Efficiency(IOP Publishing Ltd., 2018) Cantaş, Ayten; Türkoğlu, Fulya; Meriç, Ece; Akça, Fatime Gülşah; Özdemir, Mehtap; Tarhan, Enver; Özyüzer, Lütfi; Özyüzer, Gülnur AygünCu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films were grown on Mo-coated soda lime glass (SLG) substrates by the sulfurization of DC magnetron-sputtered Zn, Sn and Cu metallic precursors under a sulfur atmosphere at 550 °C for 45 min. Understanding the composition and structure of the CZTS absorber layer is necessary to obtain efficient solar cells. With this aim, x-ray diffractometry, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to investigate the CZTS absorber layers. CZTS absorber films were obtained and found to be Cu-poor and Zn-rich in composition, which are both qualities desired for efficient solar cells. CdS was used as a buffer layer and was grown by the chemical bath deposition technique. The optical properties of CdS films on SLG were searched for using a spectroscopic ellipsometer and the results revealed that the bandgap increases with film thickness increment. CZTS-based solar cells with different CdS buffer layer thicknesses were prepared using a SLG/Mo/CZTS/CdS/ZnO/AZO solar cell configuration. The influence of the CdS buffer layer thickness on the performance of the CZTS solar cells was investigated. Device analysis showed that electrical characteristics of solar cells strongly depend on the buffer layer's thickness. Highly pronounced changes in V OC, fill factor and J SC parameters, which are the main efficiency limiting factors, with changing buffer layer thicknesses were observed. Our experiments confirmed that decreasing the CdS thickness improved the efficiency of CZTS solar cells down to the lowest thickness limit.Article Citation - WoS: 60Citation - Scopus: 64Improvement of Optical and Electrical Properties of Ito Thin Films by Electro-Annealing(Elsevier Ltd., 2015) Köseoğlu, Hasan; Türkoğlu, Fulya; Kurt, Metin; Yaman, Mutlu Devran; Akça, Fatime Gülşah; Aygün, Gülnur; Özyüzer, LütfiThe effect of electro-annealing in vacuum and air on the optical and electrical properties of ITO thin films grown by large area DC magnetron sputtering was investigated. Moreover, the performances of the electro-annealed ITO thin films in vacuum and air were compared. Electro-annealing was performed by applying 0.75, 1.00, 1.25 and 1.50 A constant ac current to the ITO thin films. It was observed that the crystallinity of the films was better for the ITO thin films electro-annealed in vacuum. The changes in sheet resistance of electro-annealed ITO thin films with applied currents were detailed. The transmittance of the films increased for both electro-annealing in vacuum and air. A correlation between band-gap and resistivity for all of the electro-annealed thin films was observed.Article Citation - WoS: 42Citation - Scopus: 44Growth of Cu2znsns4 Absorber Layer on Flexible Metallic Substrates for Thin Film Solar Cell Applications(Elsevier Ltd., 2015) Yazıcı, Şebnem; Olgar, Mehmet Ali; Akça, Fatime Gülşah; Cantaş, Ayten; Kurt, Metin; Aygün, Gülnur; Tarhan, Enver; Yanmaz, Ekrem; Özyüzer, LütfiIn this work, Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) absorber layers were fabricated using a two-stage process. Sequentially deposited Cu-Zn-Sn thin film layers on metallic foils were annealed in an Ar + S2(g) atmosphere. We aimed to investigate the role of flexible titanium and molybdenum foil substrates in the growth mechanism of CZTS thin films. The Raman spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses of the sulfurized thin films revealed that, except for the presence of Sn-based secondary phases, nearly pure CZTS thin films were obtained. Additionally, the intense and sharp X-ray diffraction peak from the (112) plane provided evidence of good crystallinity. Electron dispersive spectroscopy analysis indicated sufficient sulfur content but poor Zn atomic weight percentage in the films. Absorption and band-gap energy analyses were carried out to confirm the suitability of CZTS thin films as the absorber layer in solar cell applications. Hall effect measurements showed the p-type semiconductor behavior of the CZTS samples. Moreover, the back contact behavior of these metallic flexible substrates was investigated and compared. We detected formation of cracks in the CZTS layer on the molybdenum foils, which indicates the incompatibility of molybdenum's thermal expansion coefficient with the CZTS structure. We demonstrated the application of the magnetron sputtering technique for the fabrication of CZTS thin films on titanium foils having lightweight, flexible properties and suitable for roll-to-roll manufacturing for high throughput fabrication. Titanium foils are also cost competitive compared to molybdenum foils. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.