Environmental Engineering / Çevre Mühendisliği
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/4321
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Article Citation - WoS: 3Citation - Scopus: 6Halogenated By-Products in Chlorinated Indoor Swimming Pools: a Long-Term Monitoring and Empirical Modeling Study(Amer Chemical Soc, 2023) Genişoğlu, Mesut; Minaz, Mert; Tanacan, Ertaç; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Kaplan-Bekaroğlu, Şehnaz Şule; Kanan, Amer; Ateş, NurayMonitoring the disinfection process and swimming pool water quality is essential for the prevention of microbial infections and associated diseases. However, carcinogenic and chronic-toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed with reactions between disinfectants and organic/inorganic matters. DBP precursors in swimming pools originate from anthropogenic sources (body secretions, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, etc.) or chemicals used in pools. Temporal (48 weeks) water quality trends of trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), and halonitromethanes (HNMs) in two swimming pools (SP-A and SP-B) and precursor-DBP relationships were investigated in this study. Weekly samples were taken from swimming pools, and several physical/chemical water quality parameters, absorbable organic halides (AOX), and DBPs were determined. THMs and HAAs were the most detected DBP groups in pool water. While chloroform was determined to be the dominant THM compound, dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid were the dominant HAA compounds. The average AOX concentrations were measured to be 304 and 746 mu g/L as Cl- in SP-A and SP-B, respectively. Although the amount of AOX from unknown chlorinated by-products in SP-A did not vary temporally, a significant increase in unknown DBP concentrations in SP-B was observed over time. AOX concentrations of chlorinated pool waters were determined to be an important parameter that can be used to estimate DBP concentrations.Article Yüzme Havuzlarında Karbon Bazlı Dezenfeksiyon Yan Ürünlerinin Oluşumu(Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, 2017) Harman, B. İlker; Tanaçan, Ertaç; Genişoğlu, Mesut; Kaplan, Ş. Şule; Ateş, Nuray; Yiğit, Nevzat Ö.; Kanan, Amer A.S.Bu çalışmada ülkemiz literatüründe ilk defa yer alacak ve oldukça önemli bir konu olan yüzme havuzlarındaki dezenfeksiyon yan ürünlerinin (DYÜ) türleri, DYÜ oluşumuna etki eden faktörler ve DYÜ'lerin sağlık etkileri konusunda bir derleme yapılmıştır. İçme suyu şebekesi ve yüzme havuzlarındaki patojen mikroorganizmaların engellenebilmesi amacıyla birçok dezenfektan kullanılmaktadır. Yüzme havuzlarında genellikle klor bazlı dezenfektanlar kullanılırken, bromlu dezenfektanlar da dezenfeksiyon için tercih edilmektedir. Havuz suyundaki organik madde kaynakları; i) doldurma suyunda bulunan doğal organik maddeler (DOM) ve ii) yüzücülerden gelen organik yüklemelerdir. Yüzme havuzları özelinde yüzücülerden kaynaklı daimi organik yükleme ve sürekli dezenfeksiyon sonucu (organik maddelerin oksidantlar/dezenfektanlar ile reaksiyonu sonucunda) mutajenik ve kanserojenik olmalarından şüphelenilen DYÜ oluşumu içme sularındakine nazaran daha fazladır. Trihalometan (THM) ve haloasetik asitler (HAA), havuz suyunda en sık karşılaşılan yan ürünlerdir. THM gibi uçucu olan yan ürünler sadece yüzme suyunda değil, havada da oldukça yüksek konsantrasyonlarda bulunabilmektedir. Bu yan ürünlerin oluşum mekanizmalarının bilinmesi ve kontrol altına alınması, yüzücüler ve bilhassa havuz çalışanlarının sağlığına olan etkilerinin en aza indirilmesi bağlamında önem arz etmektedir. Oluştuktan sonra giderilmesi zor ve maliyetli olan DYÜ'lerin oluşumunda etkili öncüllerin belirlenmesi ve kontrolü ile uygun dezenfektan türünün kullanılmasıyla yüzme havuzlarındaki DYÜ oluşumları azaltılabilir.Article Tuvalet Temizlik Ürünlerinin Kullanımı ile Salıverilen Karbon Tetraklorürün İç Hava Düzeyleri ve Sağlık Riskleri(TMMOB Makina Mühendisleri Odası, 2020) Ayri, İlknur; Genişoğlu, Mesut; Gaygısız, Handan; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemilİç hava kirliliği açısından temizlik ürünleri kullanımı önemli bir kaynak oluşturmak-tadır. Bir Uçucu Organik Bileşik (UOB) olan karbon tetraklorürün emisyonu, diğer UOB’ler ile birlikte klorlanmış çeşme suyundan, özellikle su sıcaklığının artırıldığı yıkanma, çamaşır ve bulaşık yıkanması sırasında oluşur. Bununla birlikte, ağartıcı olarak hipoklorit (çamaşır suyu) içeren temizlik ürünlerinde ve kullanımı sırasında, çamaşır suyu ile organik maddelerin reaksiyona girmesiyle oluşumu bu bileşik için göreceli çok daha güçlü bir kaynak oluşturmaktadır. Karbon tetraklorürün hem kro-nik-toksik hem de karsinojenik sağlık etkileri olması sebebiyle bu temizlik ürünlerinin kullanımı durumunda iç ortam havasından etkin bir havalandırma ile uzaklaştırılma-sı gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, karbon tetraklorürün tuvalet ve banyolarda kullanı-lan klozet ve rezervuar tipi temizleyicilerden emisyonu deneysel olarak incelenmiş, iç hava düzeyleri modelleme ile tahmin edilmiş, solunum yoluyla maruziyet için kanser riski değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Ürünlerin emisyon potansiyeli tepe boşluğu katı fazlı mikroekstraksiyonu takiben GC/MS yöntemiyle incelenmiş, iç hava düzeylerinin modellenmesi için 8,9 m3 oda hacmi ve 0,5 ach hava değişimi hızı kullanılmıştır. Kul-lanılan bu hız ile ürünlerin kullanımından kaynaklanan karbon tetraklorür konsant-rasyonun sadece %0,6’lık kısmı uzaklaştırılabilmektedir. Ortalama ve 95. yüzdelik kanser risk değerleri kabul edilebilir risk olan milyonda birin altındadır ancak ürün-ler birer iç ortam karbon tetraklorür kaynağı oluşturmaktadır.Article Citation - Scopus: 5Effect of Covid-19 Pandemic on Ambient Air Quality and Excess Risk of Particulate Matter in Turkey(2021) Gören, Ayşegül Yağmur; Genişoğlu, Mesut; Ökten, Hatice Eser; Sofuoğlu, Sait CemilThe COVID-19 pandemic, which has reached 4 million global cases as of March 10, 2020, has become a worldwide problem. Turkey is one of the most affected (9th in the world) country with 139 771 cases. An intermittent curfew policy that differ for three age groups, and an intercity travel ban varying within the country have been implemented. The effects of changes in social life and industrial activity in terms of environmental pollution are not yet known. The short-term effects on PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, NO, NOx, O3 and CO concentrations measured at 51 air quality measurement stations (AQMS) in 11 cities in March – April period of 2020 were statistically compared with that of the previous year. While PM2.5 (9/14 AQMS) and PM10 (29/35 AQMS) concentrations were not significantly affected, NO (12/24 AQMS), NO2 (20/29 AQMS), NOX (17/25 AQMS) concentrations were decreased, SO2 concentrations at half of the AQMSs (11/25) did not show a significant change. There were stations at which higher pollutant concentrations were measured in the study period in 2020 compared to that of 2019. Excess risks associated with PM2.5 and PM10 were estimated to be variable, albeit with a small difference. In conclusion, the heterogeneous actions taken in response to the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in mixed effects on ambient air quality.Article Citation - WoS: 20Citation - Scopus: 25Indoor Air Partitioning of Synthetic Musk Compounds: Gas, Particulate Matter, House Dust, and Window Film(Elsevier, 2020) Balcı, Esin; Genişoğlu, Mesut; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Sofuoğlu, AysunDue to diversity of contaminants indoors and complexity in the physical structure of particulate matter, partition process of chemicals affects indoor concentration distribution. Synthetic Musk Compounds (SMCs) are ubiquitously found in household and personal care products, thus, in the environment. Exposure to SMCs is important for human health, therefore, their partitioning in indoor environmental media is a key issue. In this study, gas particle, house dust, andwindowfilm partitioning of SMCs were investigated in an indoor micro-environment. In a sealed and unoccupied room, a polycyclic and nitro musk mixture was left for volatilization for an hour. Then, samples were collected using XAD-2 sandwiched between two PUF plugs, glass-fiber filter, and wipes for gas, PM10, window-film, house dust phases, respectively, for 145 h. Collected samples were analyzed using a GC-MS. Results demonstrated that MC concentrations decreased over time, non-linearly. Six of the SMCs partitioned to PM10 with at least 10% at beginning of the experiment, whereas the number of compounds dropped to two at the end, showing that SMCs may partition well between the two phases but they tend to be in the gas phase. They were also detected in the film and dust phases but a decrease pattern similar to gas-particle was not observed. Spearman correlations indicate that the dust and film-associated concentrations were governed by similar processes but PM-associated concentrations were not. SMCs may be found in all phases, mainly in house dust in terms of mass among the studied media and unaccounted surface reservoirs. Therefore, their partitioning between indoor media has key implications for human exposure. (C)20 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Article Citation - WoS: 5Citation - Scopus: 7Bleach-Containing Automatic Toilet-Bowl Cleaners as Sources of Vocs, Associated Indoor Air Concentrations and Carcinogenic Risk(Turkish National Committee for Air Pollution Research (TUNCAP), 2020) Ayrı, İlknur; Genişoğlu, Mesut; Gaygısız, Handan; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Sofuoğlu, Sait CemilHousehold cleaning products are sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Bleach containing products are a special case because reactions occur between chloride and their organic content such as surfactants, perfumes, etc., generating VOCs. This study aimed to determine concentration of 13 VOCs in bleach-containing automatic toilet cleaners, to estimate their indoor air concentrations and associated exposure and health risk levels. Experiments with products purchased from supermarkets were conducted in 20-mL headspace vials by placing 1 g of sample with and without water. Solid-phase micro extraction with a DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber assembly was used for adsorption of VOCs from the headspace, and analyzed using a GC-MS. The median carbon tetrachloride and chloroform concentrations of the studied products ranged from 5.03 × 10?3 to 2.37 × 10?2 ?g/g and 2.53 × 10?2 to 2.37 ?g/g, respectively. The modeled 95th percentile indoor air concentrations in a 1.6 m3 bathroom with no ventilation were estimated to be 1 and 20 ?g/m3 for carbon tetrachloride and chloroform, respectively. The 95th percentile carcinogenic risk associated even with the use of the highest content product, 3.72 × 10?7 and 8.62 × 10?7 for carbon tetrachloride and chloroform respectively, were below the acceptable risk. In conclusion, automatic toilet-bowl cleaners were found to be sources of VOCs, but their emission potentials are not high to cause considerable indoor air concentrations over their suggested product lifetime. In turn, carcinogenic risks associated with inhalation exposure are below the de Minimis risk level of 10?6. © 2020Article Citation - WoS: 15Citation - Scopus: 19Brominated Flame Retardants in a Computer Technical Service: Indoor Air Gas Phase, Submicron (pm1) and Coarse (pm10) Particles, Associated Inhalation Exposure, and Settled Dust(Elsevier Ltd., 2019) Genişoğlu, Mesut; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Kurt Karakuş, Perihan Binnur; Birgül, Aşkın; Sofuoğlu, Sait CemilBrominated flame retardants (BFRs) are found in multi-media indoors, therefore, may pose serious risks to human health. This study investigated the occurrence of BFRs in particulate matter (PM1 and PM10) and gas phase by active and passive sampling, and settled dust to estimate potential exposure in a computer technical service. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their alternatives (novel BFRs, NBFRs) were studied. PM and gas phase were collected on glass fiber filters and polyurethane foam plugs, respectively, and analyzed with a GC/MS after extraction, clean-up, and concentration. Inhalation exposure of the staff was estimated based on the measured concentrations using Monte Carlo simulation. BDE-209 was the dominating PBDE congener in all media while bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane were those of NBFRs. Submicron particulate matter (PM1) BFR levels constituted about one half of the PM10-associated concentrations, while average PM10 mass concentration (69.9 μg m−3) was nine times that of PM1 (7.73 μg m−3). Calculated log10 dust-gas and PM-gas partitioning coefficients ranged from −5.03 to −2.10, −2.21 to −0.55, and −2.26 to −1.04 for settled dust, PM10, and PM1, respectively. The indoor/outdoor concentration ratios were >1 for all compounds indicating the strength of indoor sources in the service. The estimated potential inhalation exposures, for future chronic-toxic and carcinogenic risk assessments, indicated that the levels of gas-phase and PM1-associated exposures were similar at approximately one half of PM10-associated levels. Results of this study indicate that the occurrence of BFRs in all studied media should be taken into consideration for occupational health mitigation efforts.Article Methylene Blue Removal of Fixed-Bed Column Reactor With Pumice and Nzvi-Pumice: Experimental and Modeling Study(Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, 2019) Genişoğlu, Mesut; Gören, Ayşegül Yağmur; Balcı, Esin; Recepoğlu, Yaşar Kemal; Ökten, Hatice EserNano zero-valent iron (nZVI) emerges as a low cost and eco-friendly adsorbent to treat textile wastewater, which is rich in dye content. However nZVI particles can easily agglomerate in aqueous environment due to electrostatic interaction, decreasing their treatment efficiency. Therefore pumice, a low-cost and naturally found porous material with lower specific surface area (2m2/gr), can be used as support material to reduce agglomeration of nZVI. Treatment efficiencies of pumice/nZVI packing (10:0 and 9:1 (w/w)) in column reactor for specified initial methylene blue concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/L) were investigated in this study. Adsorption capacities of the adsorbents were calculated as 2.8 and 4.2 mg/g-adsorbent, respectively at 100 mg/L initial methylene blue concentration. Mixed bed column performed significantly better than its pumice-only counterpart for low initial concentrations. Thomas adsorption model was applied to experimental results with a moderate to high predictive power.Article Citation - WoS: 3Citation - Scopus: 4Use of Nano Zero-Valent Iron Coated Coffee Grounds for Removal of Zn(ii) and Ni(ii) From Aqueous Solutions(Desalination Publications, 2019) Gören, Ayşegül Yağmur; Genişoğlu, Mesut; Ökten, Hatice EserThis research investigates the adsorption capacity of a novel composite material, namely nano zero-valent iron coated coffee grounds (nZVI-CG), for removal of zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni). nZVI particles were synthesized and immobilized to the surface of waste coffee grounds (CG) using the ultrasonic-assisted liquid phase method. Characterization of synthesized nZVI-CG composite and bare CG showed that nZVI coating has increased the surface area significantly. Batch tests were conducted to examine the effects of pH, reaction time and initial metal concentrations on Zn2+ and Ni2+ removal. At an initial metal concentration of 10 mg-Ni/L and 10 mg-Zn/L, nZVI-CG removal rates for Zn2+ and Ni2+ were observed as 98.89% and 97.29%, respectively; while removal rates of bare CG have remained at 51% (Zn2+) and 48.1% (Ni2+). Moreover, acidic conditions were observed to deteriorate Ni2+ and Zn2+ adsorption since most functional groups of the metals were protonated. Increasing initial nickel and zinc concentrations decreased removal rates. While the model fittings improved with increasing pH, in the case of nZVI-CG, Langmuir isotherm gave the best fits for Ni2+ and Zn2+ at pH 5 and 7. Also, our experimental results followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, regardless of the used adsorbent. Consequently, our results showed that nZVI-CG composite material is a promising alternative adsorbent for pilot scale metal removal/recovery applications.Conference Object Groundwater Pollution by Nitrate From Agricultural Fertilizers: the Case of Menemen Basin (aegean Region, Turkey)(İZSU, 2017) Gören, Ayşegül Yağmur; Genişoğlu, Mesut; Balcı, Esin; Ökten, Hatice Eser; Baba, AlperGroundwater is an essential drinking water source in Menemen subbasin of İzmir city, Turkey. The aim of this study was to investigate the groundwater contamination by nitrates of agricultural lands. For this purpose, we evaluated variations of groundwater pH, redox potential, electrical conductivity (EC), major anions (NO3, Cl, SO4, HCO3 and CO3) and cations (Na, K, Ca and Mg). A statistical correlation procedure and piper diagram for hydrogeochemistry of groundwater were also applied. Nitrate levels were found to be higher around agricultural areas. Also EC values and Cl were measured to be higher as proximity to coastal areas increased, indicating seawater intrusion. Agricultural activities and excessive freshwater withdrawal were shown to impair groundwater quality and quantity at Menemen subbasin.