Environmental Engineering / Çevre Mühendisliği
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/4321
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Book Part The Role of Polyurethane Foam Indoors in the Fate of Flame Retardants and Other Semivolatile Organic Compounds(American Chemical Society, 2021) Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Genişoğlu, Mesut; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; 03.02. Department of Chemical Engineering; 03.07. Department of Environmental Engineering; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyFlame retardant chemicals are added to polyurethane foams (PUFs) during production. These chemicals are released to the environment during the use of PUF containing furniture or building materials. In contrast, organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, synthetic musk compounds, and volatile organic compounds could be sorbed by PUF depending on the concentration gradient, ambient temperature, and the physicochemical properties. Most of these substances tend to accumulate by adhering to organic matter in dust, particles, and surfaces, as they do not degrade for long periods of time. Sorption-emission cycles of PUF-associated organic compounds prolong their presence in indoor environments, which could increase human exposure. Since these organic compounds might have carcinogenic or chronic-toxic health effects on living organisms, it is important to understand the role of PUF in exposure to these substances in indoor environments. This chapter reviews the literature on the relationship of organic substances with PUF in indoor environments.Article Citation - WoS: 27Citation - Scopus: 28Fast Formation of Nitro-Pahs in the Marine Atmosphere Constrained in a Regional-Scale Lagrangian Field Experiment(American Chemical Society, 2019) Mulder, Marie D.; Dumanoğlu, Yetkin; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Kukucka, Petr; Matejovicova, Jana; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Pribylova, Petra; Prokes, Roman; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Wilson, Jake; Zetzsch, Cornelius; Wotawa, Gerhard; Lammel, Gerhard; 03.02. Department of Chemical Engineering; 03.07. Department of Environmental Engineering; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and some of their nitrated derivatives, NPAHs, are seemingly ubiquitous in the atmospheric environment. Atmospheric lifetimes may nevertheless vary within a wide range, and be as short as a few hours. The sources and sinks of NPAH in the atmosphere are not well understood. With a Lagrangian field experiment and modeling, we studied the conversion of the semivolatile PAHs fluoranthene and pyrene into the 2-nitro derivatives 2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene in a cloud-free marine atmosphere on the time scale of hours to 1 day between a coastal and an island site. Chemistry and transport during several episodes was simulated by a Lagrangian box model i.e., a box model coupled to a Lagrangian particle dispersion model, FLEXPART-WRF. It is found that the chemical kinetic data do capture photochemical degradation of the 4-ring PAHs under ambient conditions on the time scale of hours to 1 day, while the production of the corresponding NPAH, which sustained 2-nitrofluoranthene/fluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene/pyrene yields of (3.7 ± 0.2) and (1.5 ± 0.1)%, respectively, is by far underestimated. Predicted levels of NPAH come close to observed ones, when kinetic data describing the reactivity of the OH-adduct were explored by means of theoretically based estimates. Predictions are also underestimated by 1-2 orders of magnitude, when NPAH/PAH yields reported from laboratory experiments conducted under high NOx conditions are adopted for the simulations. It is concluded that NPAH sources effective under low NOx conditions, are largely underestimated.