Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage / Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma ve Onarım
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/23
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Article Urban Protection And Renewal Dilemma: İzmir Mezarlıkbaşı(İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, 2021) Akpınar, Figen; Turan, Mine; Toköz, Özge DenizAt the beginning of the 21st century, efforts to preserve cultural heritage in historical settlements is a highly problematic and multi-faceted issue in Turkey. Al-though conservation legislation dates back to 60 years ago, heritage conservation has not been internalized and accepted in the wider part of society, and, has not established a sound political foundation. On the other, however, there is also a lack of integrated land-use planning and management. The purpose of this study is to present the difficulties of dealing with the conservation, renewal, and regeneration for heritage areas in the historic core of İzmir, Mezarlıkbaşı-Kemeraltı, as well as to discuss the intrinsic physical qualities, dynamic characters and diversity of community groups with a view of new spatial agenda. The objective of the study is therefore twofold: 1) documentation of the physical characteristics and values for understanding the place; 2) to evaluate incorporating integrated strategic planning and management approach pointing the need for incorporating, leadership, partnership, integration and inclusion as a policy guideline for the safeguarding the heritage area. Our findings show that the Municipality of İzmir has made a significant attempt as TARKEM’s leadership position, which has succeeded in attracting national and international interest in Kemeraltı and creating opportunities for the future, but partnership (operation), management (structure) and inclusion (its processes) still lack. Community groups are not seen as part of the planning activities and planning has been remote, fragmented and exclusively missing an integrated planning management approach. © 2021, Istanbul Teknik Universitesi, Faculty of Architecture. All rights reserved.Article Citation - WoS: 3Citation - Scopus: 5Helenistik Kulelerde Yanal Yüke İlişkin Düzlem İçi ve Düzlem Dışı Duvar Davranışının Duvar Profilleri ve Açıklık Düzenlerine Bağlı Olarak İncelenmesi(Gazi Üniversitesi, 2020) Gençer, Funda; Turan, Mine; Aktaş, EnginDry masonry wall profiles constructed without using bonding material between blocks are encountered in different building types dated to Greek, Hellenistic and Roman periods. Depending on development of earthquake experiences, dry masonry wall profiles vary in terms of wall thickness, number of layers, relationship of layers and size, form, organization and relationship of blocks. In this study, the construction details increasing the structural strength in watch towers constructed in Hellenistic Period are aimed to be determined. This study is limited with investigation of effect of wall profiles and opening organizations on in-plane and out-of-plane wall behaviors under lateral loading. Primarily, wall profiles and opening types of dry masonry towers in ancient Caria, Pamphylia and Cilicia regions, that have not lost authenticity and integrity or had information about their authentic form, were documented. By using gathered data, hypothetic towers with different wall profiles and opening types are designed. To determine in-plane and out-of-plane wall behavior of hypothetic towers, simulation of quasi-static tilt analysis based on equilibrium were carried out, and form changes at walls and collapse angles of towers were identified. Wall profile and opening properties effecting on structural strength under lateral loading were determinedd.Article Citation - WoS: 3Citation - Scopus: 3Structural Vulnerability of Ancient Dry Masonry Towers Under Lateral Loading(Elsevier, 2020) Gençer, Funda; Hamamcıoğlu Turan, Mine; Turan, Mine; Aktaş, Engin; Aktaş, EnginUnderstanding how the original characteristics contribute to the structural behaviour of antique structures should be the initial stage of planning for conservation work. This study aims to identify the structural behaviour of dry masonry towers under lateral loadings, so that the decision-making process when determining their restoration can be adequately supported. Dry masonry towers in ancient Caria, Pamphylia, and Cilicia Regions are examined. Each of these three areas have very different seismic characteristics. A hypothetical testing process was designed by combining different characteristics from each of the towers. As a result, the characteristics affecting the structural resistance were determined as; the staggering ratio, the stone depth, the ratio between block length and height, the proportional relationship between height and length, the area, number and position of openings, and the distribution of header stones. These characteristics all interact together to determine the failure mechanism; so, understanding this interaction is critical when considering conservation. © 2020 Elsevier LtdArticle Citation - Scopus: 5Mimari Fotogrametri Alanındaki Çağdaş Gelişimlerin Değerlendirilmesi(Gazi Üniversitesi, 2004) Turan, MineSayısal (dijital) veya analog (fotoğrafik) görüntüler üzerindeki bilgilerin, mimari nesnelerin ölçekli görsel belgelerinin elde edilmesinde kullanılmak üzere değerlendirilmesi tekniklerinin bütününe mimari fotogrametri denilmektedir. Tarihi uygulamalarda genellikle ayrıntılı cephe çizimleri ile belgeleme sonuçları sunulurken, çağdaş olanaklar, koruma uzmanı mimarın gereksinim duyduğu çözümleyici görselleştirmelerin sunumuna da olanak vermiştir. Artık fotogrametri ile belgelenen tarihi binalar; bilgisayar ortamında hazırlanan üç boyutlu modelleri, çeşitli perspektifleri ve tematik bilgilerin döküldüğü ayrıntılı haritaları ile incelenebilmektedirler. Etkileşimsel çoklu ortamda gerçekleştirilen sunumlar da yapılabilmektedir. Bu sunumlara olanak veren yüksek geometrik hassasiyetteki filmli ve dijital fotoğraf makineleri, yüksek çözünürlükteki tarayıcılar ve görüntü değerlendirme yazılımları hızla geliştirilmektedir. Diğer yandan fotogrametrinin temel ilkeleri yeniden yorumlanarak yöntem kurguları çeşitlenmektedir. Tüm bu çağdaş gelişimlerin mimari koruma alanındaki yeri, derlenen kaynaklar yorumlanarak bu yazı kapsamında vurgulanmıştır.Article Historical Development of Darkale Rural Settlement in Soma, Manisa(İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, 2017) Etlacakuş, Aycan; Turan, MineDarkale rural settlement is a village of Soma, Manisa. The main intention of this study is to make conservation aimed evaluation of the historical development of Darkale by questioning the physical characteristics of the present historical settlement with emphasis on its housing units. The way followed is literature review, archive research in the official website of the state archives; field survey, analysis and evaluation of Darkale with the tools of the discipline of architectural restoration; and interpretation of historical data together with physical data. The archive documents and monumental buildings and the settlement pattern, especially the organization of the housing units have provided a framework for interpreting Turkish period. Nevertheless, for the historical evaluation of the pre-Turkish period, further geo-prospection and archeological research are necessary. In all periods, the brook-valley system has been the gathering, production and commercial area of the settlement. The elevated plateau at the east of Darkale brook with full vista of the surroundings is evaluated as the earliest settlement area in Turkish period. It is relatively safe in terms of its elevated position and has preserved its authenticity. The latter settlement area, circumscribing the plateau at its north, west and south presents various solutions to cope with the high inclination: stone retaining walls, increase in number of stories, passages over streets, and increase in the amount of relations with neighbors including vertical interaction of housing units. © 2017, Istanbul Teknik Universitesi, Faculty of Architecture. All rights reserved.Article Citation - WoS: 11Citation - Scopus: 12Effect of Urban Transformation on the Values of Historic Sites Around Mosques: Two Cases in Manisa, Turkey(Higher Education Press Limited Company, 2020) Büyükkılıç Koşun, Suna; Turan, MineThis study presents a framework for assessing the cultural asset values of historic sites around mosques. Case studies are selected from provinces of Manisa, Turkey, namely, Çarşı in Salihli with its new urban development and Pazaryeri in Gördes that is abandoned and currently considered as an archaeological site. Literature review, archive research, historical research, comparative study, and site survey are carried out to evaluate the urban development of site neighborhoods with a retrospective perspective. An approach presenting the effects of urban transformations on the cultural asset values of the historic neighborhood centers is proposed. The cases reveal that the urban aesthetic is nearly all lost today, but the holiness of each site preserves its authenticity while the historic land use is sustained. Their preservation problems are lack of maintenance and abandonment due to disasters, illegal interventions, inappropriate development plans, and unsuitable restoration approaches. The principles proposed for managing these historic environments consider their cultural asset values in relation to urban history, development of coherent strategies for their presentation, and participation of all actors to their preservation and development. © 2020 The AuthorsArticle Citation - WoS: 7Citation - Scopus: 6Documentation of Historic Structures for the Assessment of Heritage Characteristics(Locke Science Publishing Company Inc., 2011) Turan, Mine; Akbaylar, İpekCorrect identification of heritage characteristics is a prerequisite for the conservation of historic structures. This study summarizes the developments in image-based documentation techniques and explores a way of combining them with conventional documentation techniques for architectural conservation. The processes of architectural photogrammetry and pictorial photography help the architect-conservator examine the many details of architectural heritage, making the assessment of heritage characteristics easier. Nevertheless, site observations and historical research are indispensable tools that support the evaluation process. A 19th centwy Ottoman church in western Turkey has been documented by combining the above techniques. Scaled drawings, a 3D model, maps on rectified image mosaics, and image albums make it possible to perceive the spatial qualities and conception of the original construction techniques, together with their alterations. The assessment results are presented in thematic tables with links to visual documents, and the heritage values and conservation problems of the church are clarified. Finally, this study illustrates one example of a successful heritage assessment leading to a conservation design.Article Citation - WoS: 5Citation - Scopus: 2The Masonry Techniques of a Historical Bridge in Hypokremnos (i̇çmeler)(Middle East Technical University, 2017) Uygun Gençer, Funda; Turan, MineThis study focuses on characteristics of a historical bridge in Içmeler, Urla, Izmir. Urla, a historical settlement on the west of Izmir, has been part of a commercial network between Karaburun, çesme and Anatolia throughout history. The aim is to understand the construction technique and material usage in Hypokremnos Bridge and identify a possible sequence of the original construction. The linear bridge was constructed by using masonry technique. It has three openings with various sizes and supported with rounded arches. The bridge wall is crowned with a road way making a crest at its center a inclined façade. This study is composed of four phases; documentation, analysis of construction technique and material usage, historical evaluation and restitution. In the first phase, by using Tgi3D Su Photoscan 2.13 and Trimble SketchUp 2013 software, three dimensional model was prepared. Visual analysis of construction technique and material usage was carried out and the mortar sample from the bridge was investigated in the conservation laboratory in the second phase. Three dimensional manual photogrammetric documentation of the historical bridge has provided the advantage of conceiving many constructional details. This condensed observation of constructional features supported with comparative study on historical bridges in Anatolia has revealed that the elements and composition of the studied bridge presents Roman characteristics, but the masonry techniques used recall those of Turkish period. The detailed data about structural system gathered from different locations of the bridge was used for the production of reconstitution of system detail. Reconstitution model of the bridge was produced by using reconstitution of system detail. To identify construction phases of the bridge, literature survey was carried out. According to structural elements and composition of the bridge, it is thought to be constructred in Roman Period, however, both the randomness in the composition of the rough cut lime stones used in the outer shells of the bridge wall, and lack of system in the form and color composition of the cut sand stones in the arches and the sea façade may be interpreted as an end result of a comprehensive repair on total reconstruction in the Turkish period.Article Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 1Photogrammetric Evaluation Options of an Ancient Monument for Different Survey Levels(Elsevier Ltd., 2016) Uygun, Funda; Turan, Mine; Ocalı, OganRecently, for the purpose of data management, more advanced digital data are required for different survey levels of irregular ancient monuments. For irregularly formed monuments and amorphous surfaces, 2D photographs and 2D measured surveys are inadequate to illustrate the condition of the building for condition reports or relationships between components and materials for structural surveys and conservation decisions, especially in archeological remains. However, image-based documentation techniques can be used as simple tools for different types of surveys due to their ease of use and fast and economical properties. Therefore, the aim of the study is to test multi-image photogrammetric documentation techniques to improve and standardize visual data appending condition reports and further detailed reports regarding conservation of irregular ancient monuments.In the literature, there are many studies about image-based documentation techniques. However, the innovation of the study is to provide an improvement of the pipeline of condition and structural surveys of irregular ancient monuments by making use of photogrammetric techniques.In order to measure the effects of the relationship between the type of documentation technique and survey level on the photogrammetric documentation process of an ancient monument, a series of experiments were designed and the results compared. For this purpose, automated image orientation packages Autodesk 123D and Photosynth and manual image orientation package Tgi3D were evaluated in terms of process time, reliability and level of detail to identify appropriate techniques for different survey levels.This study proved that documentation of the structural characteristics of ancient monuments can be achieved successfully with the Tgi3D package, which has manual workflows. The documentation results might support structural intervention decisions. The 3D models based on automatic workflows might support a preliminary condition survey, since their production takes a relatively short time and scaled models are acceptable for identifying mass characteristics.Article Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 1Protection of Archaeological Remains in the Yortanli Dam Reservoir in Turkey(Routledge, 2013) Turan, Mine; Arısoy, Yalçın; Nuhoğlu, Ayhan; Erturan, Yusuf PerçinThis study discussed conflicts in a large-scale development project realized in an archaeological area. The dam reservoir of Yortanli constructed as a part of a contemporary irrigation project in Western Turkey conflicted with the antique settlement of Allianoi, which had developed in the same area around a natural thermal spring in the 2nd century ad. The aim was to present the protection decisions and implementations related with the archaeological site of Allianoi in the Yortanl Dam Reservoir so that monitoring and criticism of its consequences can be possible in the future. The tools of the three disciplines, hydraulic engineering, structural engineering and conservation, were emphasized. The following conclusions were derived: The understanding of the protection-development conflict of archaeological heritage-dam relations in the case of Allianoi-Yortanl necessitates the evaluation of its legal, administrative, technical, and managerial aspects with all related governmental and non-governmental parts. The presented evaluation provides an opportunity for the discussion of the validity of the protection intervention, which is reburial of the remains prior to water retention in the dam, within an international framework. The presentation of the details of the protection process may facilitate the monitoring and criticism of its consequences in the future.