Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage / Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma ve Onarım
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/23
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Article Characteristic Architectural Elements of Traditional Barbaros Houses With a Single-Living Space and Their Relationship With Daily Life(Istanbul University Press, 2023) Saribekiroǧlu, Ş.; Kul, F.N.Barbaros is a rural settlement in Urla, Izmir, Turkey. This study aims to understand the architectural elements of Barbaros houses with a single-living space, their spatial organization, relation with daily life, and the local terminology for them. Moreover, it is aimed to reveal possible similarities and dissimilarities between architectural elements of other singleliving space rural houses in different settlements in close geography. The site survey data was collected in 2016, 2017, and 2020. Fourteen houses were examined, all of which still preserve their original spatial characteristics and architectural elements. The plans and architectural elements of each of the 14 buildings were documented in sketches and photographs. The architectural elements of each house and their characteristics, including form, material, and location in space, were analyzed. The Barbaros case was compared with other rural settlements in Çeşme, Karaburun and Urla. Oral interviews were conducted with 13 people to reveal the relationship between architectural elements and daily life. © 2023 The Author(s).Article Citation - Scopus: 3Characteristics of Byzantine-Period Lime Mortars and Plasters From the Anaia Church (kadikalesi)(Institute of Metals Technology, Ljubljana, 2022) Işık, Tuğçe; Uğurlu Sağın, ElifIn this study, Byzantine- period lime mortars and plasters used in the Anaia Church in Ku degrees adasy- Aydyn were examined in order to determine their characteristics and investigate the continuity of the lime mortar technology through centuries in the Anaia Church. The results will also contribute to future conservation studies at the site. Basic physical properties, raw-material compositions and hydraulic properties of lime mortars and plasters; mineralogical and chemical compositions, microstructural properties of binders, aggregates and limes; and pozzolanic activities of aggregates were determined using RILEM test methods, XRD, SEM-EDS and TGA. Mortar samples were comprised of natural aggregates whereas lime plasters were made of brick aggregates. Analyses revealed that plasters were slightly less dense and more porous than mortars due to the porous structure of the brick aggregates. All mortars and plasters were hydraulic due to the use of highly reactive pozzolanic aggregates. The basic physical properties, raw-material compositions, mineralogical and chemical compositions of mortars and plasters were found to be similar throughout the construction periods spread over different centuries. These similarities revealed the conscious knowledge of the lime mortar technology during the Byzantine period in Western Anatolia.Article Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 1Plaster Characteristics of Byzantine Wall Paintings in Western Anatolia(Institute of Metals Technology, 2022) Şerifaki, Kerem; Böke, HasanIn this study, the execution technique and material characteristics of the plaster layers of Byzantine wall paintings from three archaeological sites (Anaia, Olympos and Aigai) from western Anatolia were examined for the purpose of their conservation. Throughout the study, mineralogical and chemical composition of the plaster layers were determined with a scanning electron microscope coupled with an X-ray energy dispersive system (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction analyses (XRD). Reflected light microscopy (RLM) and SEM studies conducted on polished cross-sections of samples revealed the stratigraphy and microstructural properties of the plaster layers of the Anaia Church (4th–12th centuries), Baºpýnar Church (13th century) in Olympos and a Byzantine settling and the Chapel (13th century) in Aigai. Throughout the research, pure lime and aggregates in the plasters of Aigai, as well as magnesium-rich lime and straw in the plasters of Anaia and Baºpýnar were determined. The plasters from the Anaia and Baºpýnar Churches exhibit characteristics similar to the samples from the post-iconoclastic period due to a similar raw-material use. In the samples from Aigai, plastering techniques such as marmorino, intonachino and cocciopesto, indicating earlier periods, were observed. As a result of this study, it was concluded that the number and characteristics of the plaster layers from the paintings had been applied intentionally in accordance with the technique of the painting. Plaster characteristics of the wall paintings in western Anatolia from the Byzantine period were found to be similar to the ones in Ýstanbul, the Balkans, Crete and Cyprus. The results of this study will guide the conservation efforts of the wall paintings.Article Citation - Scopus: 1Builders and Building Tradition of Barbaros as Intangible Cultural Heritage(İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, 2022) Sarıbekiroğlu, Şeyma; Kul, Fatma NurşenThis paper aims to document the traditional builders and their know-how in a particular geography, namely the rural settlement of Barbaros in the Urla district of Izmir, Turkey. It aims to shed light on the actors of the building traditions of Barbaros, the process of knowledge transfer among builders, and the traditional know-how related to local building materials and construction techniques as intangible cultural heritage. The research method of this study includes literature review, site survey, and study of oral history. Literature sources provided the theoretical background and limited information related to the history of Barbaros. To understand the traditional building stock in Barbaros, site surveys were conducted in 2016, 2017, and 2020. An oral history study was done with the last living builders and the relatives of late builders. These narratives provided invaluable information for answering the research questions. The results of the study contribute to the conservation of intangible heritage by recording the know-how of the last bearers of traditional construction in Barbaros. This documented experience can be used in future restoration projects not only in Barbaros but also in surrounding settlements with the same traditional construction features. The results of the study are also remarkable in terms of revealing the importance of oral history in documentation studies.Article Citation - WoS: 5Citation - Scopus: 6Revisiting the Conditions of Authenticity for Built Heritage in Areas of Conflict(Mdpi, 2021) Saifi, Yara; Yüceer, Hulya; Hurol, YoncaThis article examines the application of conditions of authenticity within the context of built heritage management in areas of political conflict, where heritage management can be seen as a political act rather than a means of protection. It focuses on values attributed to built heritage that can be targeted or reinvented by the dominant power in areas of conflict with minorities being powerless to intervene. The argument is built around the Agios Synesios Church in North Cyprus, which continued to be used by the Greek Cypriot minority following the island division in 1974. Although their way of life has been compromised, they have embraced forced change through using the church to maintain their ritual and religious practices; by doing so, they negotiate their values towards their heritage. In this case, the study shows that the conditions of authenticity are difficult to meet, given the means through which heritage management can be manipulated. Accordingly, the article aims to contribute to general discussions on the vagueness and enigmatic conditions of authenticity in areas of conflict. Different buildings in areas of conflict around the world suffer because of the political nature of heritage management, which makes the criteria of authenticity unviable.Article Citation - WoS: 3Citation - Scopus: 3Microstructural Characteristics of Mortars Prepared by Hot Lime Mix(Union of Croatian Civil Engineers and Technicians, 2020) Şerifaki, Kerem; Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; Böke, HasanThe effect of lime characteristics and hot lime mix method on hydraulic, microstructural and mechanical properties of mortars is determined by producing mortars from quicklimes of two different marbles and two limestones. Results of SEM-EDS, XRD and TGA analyses reveal that the porous microstructure of mortars and spongy texture of calcite crystals are the indicators of the hot lime mix method. This study shows that characteristics of limestones used for the production of limes, as well as the preparation method, directly affect hydraulic, mechanical and microstructural properties of mortars.Article Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 1Anastelosis of Greco-Roman Temple Remains in Western Anatolia: Principlis, Implementations and Assessment(Taylor & Francis, 2020) Toköz, Özge Deniz; İpekoğlu, BaşakAnastelosis, which is defined as the reassembly of a structure by bringing together its existing original fragments, is a technique of conservation and presentation in archaeological sites. The aim of this study is to contribute to the conservation and presentation of the structures and to determine the basic principles to be considered during the implementation by analysing and evaluating the anastelosis implementation at temple structures in Western Anatolia, Turkey. The authors examined on-site evidence, archival and literature review. Analysis criteria were determined as emphasis of the structure within site scale and in original state, structural and visual integrity of the monument, authenticity, reliability, distinguishability, visual and material compatibility, reversibility and re-treatability. As a result, it was pointed out that the principles of reversibility/re-treatability and distinguishability should be managed while providing reliability, compatibility/structural and visual integrity in line with the preservation of authenticity.Article Historic Collective Shelter as Heritage: the Cases in Hurşidiye, Kurtuluş and Sakarya Neighborhoods in Konak, Izmir(İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2021) Hamamcıoğlu Turan, Mine; Akpınar, Figen; Toköz, Özge DenizHistorical collective shelters, yahuthanes or cortejos, are an alternative form of housing that were developed to provide secure sheltering of the groups who were disadvantaged in terms of economic, social, and cultural aspects in the Ottoman city. They have played a significant role in history as a building type that made possible cohabitation of groups, with moral and material problems, and struggling to maintain their integrity despite hardship. This study deals with a group of historical collective shelters in the traditional commercial center of Izmir dating mainly to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The objective is to understand the historic evolution of collective shelters (yahuthane, cortejo) in Hursidiye, Kurtulus and Sakarya neighborhoods of Konak district in Izmir, to define their cultural values, to analyze their social and spatial development, to present their physical characteristics and evaluate their preservation problems. Eleven collective shelters were documented in the studied site, which is a portion of the traditional commercial center of Izmir (Kemeralti). The site comprehends the ruins of the Roman Agora and the remains of the public buildings dating to the pre-modernization period of the Ottoman Empire as well as the late Ottoman urban layout. As a method, the preliminary studies were reviewed, the land registers were surveyed, the present base map together with the historical maps were overlapped and the case studies were conducted using conventional techniques of architectural and urban conservation. The study has documented the interaction of Muslim and Jewish communities and how the collective living habits of these ethnic groups living in collective shelters differed from standard residential life at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries in the traditional commercial center of Izmir. Though collective shelters in the historic center of Izmir have been studied in the literature, their specific location on the map was not available. This study has provided locations of the shelters and evaluated the architectural characteristics of their remains. The traces and remains of the historic collective shelters should be preserved as elements contributing to the integrity of the multi layered city.Article İzmir’de Bir Osmanlı Dönemi Konağının Tavan ve Duvar Resimlerinin Yapım Tekniği ve Malzeme Özellikleri(Gazi Üniversitesi, 2021) Şerifaki, Kerem; İpekoğlu, BaşakKültür varlıklarımızın en hassas bileşenlerinden olan duvar resimlerinin korunmasında, resimlerin özgün malzeme özellikleri ve yapım tekniğinin belirlenmesi önemli aşamalardan biridir. Bu çalışma kapsamında İzmir Bayraklı’da yer alan Yahya Hayati Paşa Konağı’nın duvar ve tavan resimlerinin yapım tekniği ve malzeme özellikleri 2010 yılında yapıya ağır hasar veren yangın öncesinde alınan örnekler üzerinde gerçekleştirilen analizler ile belirlenmiştir. Duvar resimlerinin sıva ve astar tabakalarının, boyayı oluşturan bağlayıcı malzeme ile pigmentlerin mikro-yapısal özellikleri, mineralojik ve kimyasal kompozisyonları; optik mikroskop, kızılötesi spektroskopisi, X ışınları kırınım cihazı (XRD) ve EDS üniteli taramalı elektron mikroskobu kullanılarak tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma, resimlerin kireç sıva üzerinde yer alan organik bağlayıcı ve çeşitli beyaz pigmentlerden oluşan hazırlık tabakaları üzerinde yağlı boya tekniği ile uygulandığını göstermiştir. Resimlerin yapımında bitkisel yağın rengini beyazlatmak amacıyla çinko oksit (ZnO), kurşun beyazı $(PbCO_3)$ ve baryum beyazı $(BaSO_4)$ kullanıldığı belirlenmiştir. Resimlerin yapımında kırmızı için vermiyon (HgS), mavi için ultramarin $(N_{a6-10}Al_6Si_6O_{24}S_{2-4})$, yeşil için zümrüt yeşili $(3Cu(AsO_2)_2.Cu(CH_3COO)_2)$ ve kahverengi için kırmızı okra $(Fe2O_3$, kil mineralleri) kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu ana pigmentler dışında, dolgu malzemesi olarak kullanılan baryum beyazı (BaSO4) ve kurşun kırmızısı pigmentinin $(Pb_3O_4)$bozulma ürünlerinden biri olan anglezit (PbSO4) tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma, yanarak yok olmuş bir kültür varlığının süslemelerinin yapım tekniği ve malzeme özelliklerinin belgelenmesi ile yapının onarımı aşamasına veri oluşturacaktır.Article Urban Protection And Renewal Dilemma: İzmir Mezarlıkbaşı(İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, 2021) Akpınar, Figen; Turan, Mine; Toköz, Özge DenizAt the beginning of the 21st century, efforts to preserve cultural heritage in historical settlements is a highly problematic and multi-faceted issue in Turkey. Al-though conservation legislation dates back to 60 years ago, heritage conservation has not been internalized and accepted in the wider part of society, and, has not established a sound political foundation. On the other, however, there is also a lack of integrated land-use planning and management. The purpose of this study is to present the difficulties of dealing with the conservation, renewal, and regeneration for heritage areas in the historic core of İzmir, Mezarlıkbaşı-Kemeraltı, as well as to discuss the intrinsic physical qualities, dynamic characters and diversity of community groups with a view of new spatial agenda. The objective of the study is therefore twofold: 1) documentation of the physical characteristics and values for understanding the place; 2) to evaluate incorporating integrated strategic planning and management approach pointing the need for incorporating, leadership, partnership, integration and inclusion as a policy guideline for the safeguarding the heritage area. Our findings show that the Municipality of İzmir has made a significant attempt as TARKEM’s leadership position, which has succeeded in attracting national and international interest in Kemeraltı and creating opportunities for the future, but partnership (operation), management (structure) and inclusion (its processes) still lack. Community groups are not seen as part of the planning activities and planning has been remote, fragmented and exclusively missing an integrated planning management approach. © 2021, Istanbul Teknik Universitesi, Faculty of Architecture. All rights reserved.