Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage / Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma ve Onarım
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/23
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Article Art and Construction Related Qualities of 14th‒15th Century Monuments in a Rural Landscape on the Western Coast of Türkiye(KeAi Communications Co., 2024) Hamamcıoğlu Turan, Mine; Aktaş, Engin; Toköz, Özge DenizThis study aims to contribute to the understanding of the evolution of art and construction in the early settlements established by Turkish communities on the far west Asian coast by focusing on two developed examples in Urla Peninsula. Conventional surveying and evaluation techniques of architectural restoration and civil engineering were utilized. Key findings include the understanding of the hierarchy of rural settlements in the studied landscape: old Çesme the most developed village of peninsula in the 16th century. It was positioned along a valley in distance to coast, but in control of harbor that played significant role in commerce between Europe and Asia. Its mosque and tomb, dated to late 14th – early 15th centuries, used to crown it. Cylindrical minaret tower of mosque, domed tomb tower on a cubical base and squinch in the transition zone of mosque are evidences for Central Asian roots. Usage of local lime stone, re-usage of andesite blocks, framing of the stone blocks with bricks, and pendentive in tomb refer to Roman-Byzantine constructions. The study presents the development of Turkish art and construction on the far west Asian coast in the 14th‒15th centuries. Findings will be a guide for related conservation management in similar contexts. © 2024 The Author(s)Review Citation - WoS: 8Citation - Scopus: 11A Literature Review on the Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage(Elsevier, 2023) Bulut, Nihan; Yüceer, HülyaManaging cultural heritage is difficult, even when presented with many opportunities. The management of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) expands these challenges, as issues such as mapping, monitoring, access, presentation, and ownership can become more complex. This article reviews the existing literature on theoretical research and various case studies in order to establish common themes on the management of UCH. Initially, a keyword search was carried out in two of the most extensive scientific databases. Publications were reviewed according to several criteria. Various data have been obtained, such as the change in the number of publications over the years, which journals are more interested in the subject, which topics are at the forefront, which places are preferred for case studies, and who are more likely to conduct research. The results show that the studies on the management of UCH mainly focus on evaluating the current management examples and their issues, policy development, legislation, and documentation of the sites. The cultural heritage in the case studies varies from archaeological and architectural remains to shipwrecks and, sometimes, movable objects, despite the emphasis on in-situ built heritage in the search criteria. Meanwhile, the researchers are primarily from universities in Western countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom. Additionally, many publications evaluate national policies and emphasize the importance of public participation, interpretation, and access. While still not much compared to land heritage, the number of studies has increased over the years. As the results of the review are discussed, suggestions are offered for possible future publications.Article Citation - WoS: 1On-Site Measurements of Temperature and Humidity Conditions for the Comparison of Urban and Rural Sub-Spaces of Traditional Settlements: Historical City of Mugla, Turkey(Taylor & Francis, 2023) Timur, Barış Ali; Başaran, Tahsin; İpekoğlu, BaşakOne of the significant processes that ensures realistic determination of the energy needs of historical buildings is case-specific definition of their local microclimatic conditions. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to determine differences for the parameters of temperature and humidity in urban and rural sub-settlements of the historical city, Mugla/Turkey. Study method consists of on-site measurements of these variables in sub-settlements for comparisons. As a result, it was identified urban zone shows heat island characteristics with warmer, drier, and more stable conditions; while rural sub-settlement remains cooler, more humid, and more erratic. In parallel, calculated extents of these differences demonstrate the significance and necessity of on-site measurements and consequential microclimatic zoning of historical cities as conservation/planning tools for responding to the thermal needs of architectural heritage. A key application of these processes would be the establishment of local databases of case-specific weather data to be used in thermal simulation assessments.Article Citation - WoS: 2Citation - Scopus: 2Hellenistic Masonry Techniques in Southern and Western Anatolia(Elsevier, 2022) Gençer, Funda; Hamamcıoğlu Turan, MineVarious Hellenistic masonry wall classifications have been given for Egypt, Greece, Persia, Phoenicia, Anatolia, etc., in literature. However, it is hardly possible to classify all masonry types in Anatolia because it varies regionally and has unique qualities. An important subject of research is what causes this diversity. Thus, this study aims to identify the original wall configurations and facings as well as the factors that define these structures by examining the undocumented walls in Anatolia's western and southern regions. Anatolian-specific composite techniques will be deciphered. The masonry techniques used in the walls of Caria, Lycia, and Pamphylia Regions, which are rich in examples of Hellenistic city walls, in the Western and Southern coasts of Asia Minor are compared in terms of their arrangement of blocks, wall profiles, and finishing of the faces. The first step of the method is a literature survey for determining the distribution of Hellenistic masonry walls in Anatolia. This was followed by a preliminary site survey. The dry-joint masonry walls that have sustained their authenticity and remain that have traces of their original composition were selected for accurate examination. Walls in Latmos, Alinda, Alabanda, Tekekale, Myndos in Caria; Sillyum, Side, and Perge in Pamphylia; and Oenoando and Isium in Lycia were examined. Their construction techniques and material usage were determined with the measured survey, visual analysis, and laboratory analysis. Also, the documented masonry patterns were compared with the masonry arrangements in different geographies of the world. Consequently, this study demonstrates that different masonry arrangements emerged in Anatolia as a result of varieties in the local environment. There are unique composite examples of integrating polygonal and ashlar leaves with headers and squat blocks in Anatolia.Article Citation - WoS: 9Citation - Scopus: 9The Tourism Potential of Post-Mining Heritage Sites: The Cyprus Mining Cooperation in Lefka, Cyprus(Springer, 2022) Oktay Vehbi, Beser; Mısırlısoy, Damla; Günçe, Kağan; Yüceer, HülyaThe mining sites have geo-scientific, industrial, cultural, aesthetic, economic, historic and anthropological potentials for the development of tourism. Lefka with an ancient history of mining and having rich geodiversity as well as various historical and cultural monuments, archaeological sites along with poor economic conditions can develop tourism with mining tourism goals. The study aims to examine the tourism potential of post-mining heritage sites as part of a strategic approach and tool for planning that encourages local development through the case of the Cyprus Mining Cooperation (CMC), a derelict copper mining field in Lefka, North Cyprus. Established during the British administration of the island, CMC covers a large area that comprises of mine fields, processing units, laboratories, workers houses and other related public buildings serving the whole complex, which were left derelict about sixty years ago. The study presents the values—scientific, aesthetic, economic, historical and cultural—associated with the site and its components, the criteria for their conservation and reuse opportunities for tourism purposes. Conservation strategies are suggested within the framework of ‘mining tourism’ to present the heritage significance of the site.Article Citation - WoS: 6Citation - Scopus: 6Valuing Groundwater Heritage: the Historic Wells of Kadıovacık(Springer, 2021) Yüceer, Hülya; Baba, Alper; Özcan Gönülal, Yasemin; Uştuk, Ozan; Gerçek, Deniz; Güler, Selen; Uzelli, TaygunThe consideration of the subject of water resources, seen as a part of cultural heritage, generally includes water-related architectural structures such as bridges, aqueducts, and cisterns. Groundwater resources and related structures, however, receive little attention as heritage assets, and they are mostly forgotten together with the valuable information they hold. In this sense, this study aims to provide an accurate assessment of groundwater heritage and to suggest proposals for conservation through the case of the historic wells of Kadıovacık village in the Urla district of İzmir. Although the region where the village is located is rich in groundwater resources, the residents have suffered from drought for ages due to the specific geological characteristics of the Kadıovacık polje. The limited amount of water resources in Kadıovacık village have karstic characteristics and have shaped the life and topography of the region. To access and harvest this limited groundwater, a group of wells had been constructed on the ridge of the hill. These wells have been idle since 1980s with the supply of city main water. In line with the aim, a comprehensive heritage valuation by an interdisciplinary group of experts is essential to reveal the significance of the relatively humble wells. Accordingly, a multi-method system is used, including historical, social, cultural, architectural, geological, hydrogeological, and environmental aspects. The results show that although the wells are generally considered to be less important as heritage assets in terms of their physical features, an in-depth evaluation demonstrates their high significance for the village community.Article Citation - WoS: 2Citation - Scopus: 3The Ancient City of Anazarbos and Its Significance as a World Heritage Site(Springer, 2021) Yüceer, Hülya; Gülsen, F. Fatih; Aydın, Rozelin; Güler, SelenThe concept of world heritage constitutes an important political, cultural and economic agenda in contemporary society, even though it has been criticized for being Eurocentric. In the case of developing countries such as Turkey, inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List helps generate much needed income through grants and tourism activity. There are currently eighteen sites in Turkey that are on the World Heritage List, and another eighty-three on the tentative list, the majority of which have been inscribed in the last decade. However, such an acceleration of attempts to promote sites as world heritage because of their attributes can also lead to conflicts about the values of the sites, project management, community enhancement and the degree to which important related studies are carried out. The ancient city of Anazarbos is one that exemplifies such a situation. The site's history as cultural and military cross-roads in the Cilicia region, and the potential to reveal those who successively inhabited and controlled it paved the way to its inclusion in the tentative list in 2014 by meeting the outstanding universal values. In this context, this study aims to provide an accurate background of in the hope of raising its status so that further research can be carried out. The study first presents the case for the concept of world heritage and then offers a thorough assessment of the city in terms of its heritage significance. Following a discussion on the values associated with the site and the changing dynamics after its inclusion to the list, the study concludes with suggestions for its holistic conservation.Article Citation - WoS: 27Citation - Scopus: 28Lime Mortar Technology in Ancient Eastern Roman Provinces(Elsevier, 2021) Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; Duran, Hasan Engin; Böke, HasanNatural pozzolanic aggregates were discovered during the Roman era and have been widely used in hydraulic mortar production. Despite the claims of ancient treatises, the properties of pozzolans and the technology of hydraulic lime mortars were well known and applied in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. In this study, the characteristics of lime mortar at the ancient sites of Aigai and Nysa located in Western Anatolia were investigated to elicit the technology applied. The raw material compositions of the mortars, the hydraulic properties of the binders, and the mineralogical and chemical compositions of the natural pozzolans used were determined via X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The major and trace element compositions of the natural pozzolans were evaluated via multivariate statistical analysis to determine whether the same local raw material resources were used in their manufacture. The analytical results indicated that the Roman mortars were hydraulic, stiff, and durable materials due to the use of natural pozzolanic aggregates mostly comprising dacite. Although the aggregates had similar mineralogical compositions, multivariate statistical analysis revealed that their chemical compositions were clearly distinguishable, indicating the use of different sources of raw materials. Thus, it was inferred that similar pozzolan resources were known and deliberately used to produce hydraulic mortars in the eastern ancient Roman provinces.Article Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 2Consolidation of a Bath Ruin in an Archaeological Site(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2022) Durmuşlar, Feyza; Turan, Mine; Yücetürk, Kutay; Aktaş, EnginThe study has focused on consolidation of a historical bath ruin in an archaeological site. Cevher Pasa Bath, which is located in Tabae archaeological site in Denizli, Turkey and dated to the 15th century, presents structural problems. The aim of the study is to propose a framework for planning consolidation of the ruins of Cevher Pasa Bath so that conservation work regarding similar masonry ruins in archaeological sites can be guided. Thus, methods of architectural restoration and civil engineering are combined in an interdisciplinary scope. Provision of temporary shoring as an emergency intervention, consolidation and presentation of the ruin within the scope of an interdisciplinary restoration project, and monitoring of the asset within the frame of a monument management plan are suggested, respectively. Structural analysis considering stress and overturning moment checks are performed. Consolidation work includes only supporting of arch remains. Some walls of the ruin are weaker than other parts. These parts need further detailed analysis, and if necessary, further consolidation and strengthening are to be carried out. The monument management plan points out the necessity of collaboration of local and central administrations, and also non-governmental organisations.Article Citation - WoS: 3Citation - Scopus: 3Structural Vulnerability of Ancient Dry Masonry Towers Under Lateral Loading(Elsevier, 2020) Gençer, Funda; Hamamcıoğlu Turan, Mine; Turan, Mine; Aktaş, Engin; Aktaş, EnginUnderstanding how the original characteristics contribute to the structural behaviour of antique structures should be the initial stage of planning for conservation work. This study aims to identify the structural behaviour of dry masonry towers under lateral loadings, so that the decision-making process when determining their restoration can be adequately supported. Dry masonry towers in ancient Caria, Pamphylia, and Cilicia Regions are examined. Each of these three areas have very different seismic characteristics. A hypothetical testing process was designed by combining different characteristics from each of the towers. As a result, the characteristics affecting the structural resistance were determined as; the staggering ratio, the stone depth, the ratio between block length and height, the proportional relationship between height and length, the area, number and position of openings, and the distribution of header stones. These characteristics all interact together to determine the failure mechanism; so, understanding this interaction is critical when considering conservation. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd