Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage / Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma ve Onarım
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Review Citation - WoS: 8Citation - Scopus: 11A Literature Review on the Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage(Elsevier, 2023) Bulut, Nihan; Yüceer, HülyaManaging cultural heritage is difficult, even when presented with many opportunities. The management of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) expands these challenges, as issues such as mapping, monitoring, access, presentation, and ownership can become more complex. This article reviews the existing literature on theoretical research and various case studies in order to establish common themes on the management of UCH. Initially, a keyword search was carried out in two of the most extensive scientific databases. Publications were reviewed according to several criteria. Various data have been obtained, such as the change in the number of publications over the years, which journals are more interested in the subject, which topics are at the forefront, which places are preferred for case studies, and who are more likely to conduct research. The results show that the studies on the management of UCH mainly focus on evaluating the current management examples and their issues, policy development, legislation, and documentation of the sites. The cultural heritage in the case studies varies from archaeological and architectural remains to shipwrecks and, sometimes, movable objects, despite the emphasis on in-situ built heritage in the search criteria. Meanwhile, the researchers are primarily from universities in Western countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom. Additionally, many publications evaluate national policies and emphasize the importance of public participation, interpretation, and access. While still not much compared to land heritage, the number of studies has increased over the years. As the results of the review are discussed, suggestions are offered for possible future publications.Article Citation - WoS: 171Characteristics of Brick Used as Aggregate in Historic Brick-Lime Mortars and Plasters(Elsevier Ltd., 2006) Böke, Hasan; Akkurt, Sedat; İpekoğlu, Başak; Uğurlu, ElifMortars and plasters composed of a mixture of brick powder and lime have been used since ancient times due to their hydraulic properties. In this study, raw material compositions, basic physical, mineralogical, microstructural and hydraulic properties of some historic Ottoman Bath brick-lime mortars and plasters were determined by XRD, SEM-EDS, AFM, TGA and chemical analyses. The mineralogical and chemical compositions, microstructures, morphologies and pozzolanicities of the brick powders and fragments used as aggregates in the mortars and plasters were examined to find out the relationship between hydraulic properties of the mortars and the bricks. The characteristics of bricks used in the bath domes were also determined to investigate whether the brick aggregates used in mortar and plasters were prepared from these bricks. The results indicated that the mortars and plasters were hydraulic owing to the presence of crushed brick powders that have good pozzolanicity. The brick powders bad high pozzolanicity because they contained high amounts of calcium-poor clay minerals in their raw materials that were fired at low temperatures. On the other hand, bricks used in the domes had poor pozzolanicity with different mineralogical and chemical compositions from bricks used in mortars and plasters. Based on the results of the analysis, it was thought that the bricks manufactured with high amounts of clays were consciously chosen in the preparation of hydraulic mortars and plasters. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Article Citation - WoS: 20Citation - Scopus: 21Long Term Stability of Biodegradable Polymers on Building Limestone(Elsevier Ltd., 2019) Kaplan, Zişan; Böke, Hasan; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; İpekoğlu, BaşakSynthetic polymers can be replaced by biodegradable ones as adhesives, water repellents and consolidants on the stone surfaces and facades of the historic buildings in their conservation to minimize future deterioration. In this study, the long-term stability of two biodegradable polymers, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and poly-L-lactide (PLA), and an acrylic polymer (Paraloid B72) which is commonly used in conservation works of artefacts, were evaluated on limestone using a UV lamp-weathering chamber (up to 104 days) for future protection studies. Chemical and morphological changes induced by an accelerated weathering test were examined by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses. Protection efficiency of the polymers was determined by the changes in color, capillary water absorption, static contact angle on limestone. Paraloid B72, PHB, and PLA coatings significantly increased hydrophobicity while decreasing capillarity water absorption and caused negligible change in the color of the limestone. Protection efficiencies of PLA and PHB polymers were almost the same as that of Paraloid B72, a widely used acrylic polymer. However, PLA and PHB seemed to be favorable polymers as protective agents due to their reversibility and biodegradability, low chromatic changes, good hydrophobic behavior and good stability to weathering in reducing the effects of outdoor exposure on limestone surfaces.Article Citation - WoS: 16Citation - Scopus: 19An Evaluation of Decision-Making Process on Maintenance of Built Cultural Heritage: the Case of Visby, Sweden(Elsevier Ltd., 2019) Eken, Esra; Taşcı, Burcu; Gustafsson, ChristerPreventive conservation is a significant approach for the conservation of built cultural heritage. This approach aims to prevent major deteriorations through monitoring and a planned maintenance programme. Although Visby, as one of the most important world heritage sites of Sweden, has many governmental organizations for conservation, none has a particular focus on maintenance. This paper examines the perspective of the habitants about the maintenance of their dwellings in the World Heritage Site of Visby. In this context, a survey is carried out to determine the main tendency of the habitants regarding the maintenance of historic buildings inside the city walls. Thus, the survey requires not only quantitative methods based on statistical data, but also qualitative methods based on interpretative data. The questionnaire conducted with the owners and tenants is the primary data collection tool. Both the owners and the tenants agree with the necessity of a non-governmental organisation in Visby to provide advice on maintenance. Maintenance and regular monitoring prevent costlier and large-scale repairs and are essential to retaining the cultural significance of Visby. This study can be helpful for adopting the community's opinion to the regular maintenance programme and promoting cooperation between non-profit organizations and governmental organizations in cultural heritage.Article Citation - WoS: 8Citation - Scopus: 10Interior Plastering of Ottoman Bath Buildings(Elsevier Ltd., 2019) İpekci, Emre; Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; Böke, HasanOttoman baths were peculiar buildings with their function in community life, architectural characteristics and material use. Their interior spaces were exposed to high humidity and temperatures that made the building structure vulnerable to physical, chemical, physicochemical and biological degradations. Plasters used on the interior wall surfaces were the most important agents to protect the structure from deterioration and provide durability. This study aims to exhibit the plaster characteristics of Çinili Bath in İstanbul which was an outstanding example of Ottoman baths and built by Great Architect Sinan. Basic physical properties, raw material compositions, mineralogical, microstructural and hydraulic properties of original brick-lime plasters called as horasan (khorasan) plasters used on the walls were determined by XRF, XRD, SEM-EDS and TGA. Multilayered plaster application together with the use of glazed tiles were observed on the wall surfaces of all interior spaces. The plasters were produced from pure lime and pozzolanic crushed brick or tile aggregates and hydraulic because of the pozzolanic properties of aggregates. They are stiff, compact and durable in hot and humid conditions of bath buildings due to their self-healing properties and the formation of calcium silicate hydrates and calcium aluminate hydrates at the lime-brick interfaces and in the pores of the pozzolanic brick aggregates by the reaction of lime. Characteristics of brick aggregates were compared with the construction bricks used in the building. Their chemical and mineralogical compositions revealed that the aggregates had not been produced from construction bricks. All the results indicated that brick-lime plasters were the most suitable materials for bath buildings to protect the structure from the effect of water. © 2019 The AuthorsArticle Citation - WoS: 74Citation - Scopus: 85A Transdisciplinary Approach on the Energy Efficient Retrofitting of a Historic Building in the Aegean Region of Turkey(Elsevier Ltd., 2015) Şahin, Cem Doğan; Durmuş Arsan, Zeynep; Tunçoku, Selim Sarp; Broström, Tor; Gökçen Akkurt, GüldenAbstract Buildings account for 40% of total energy consumption in the European Union, yet at the same time they have considerable energy saving potentials. Historic buildings should be treated different from contemporary ones when it comes to energy improvements. The specifications which underline historical, sociocultural and architectural values require certain care during realization of energy saving implementations to sustain these values. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how the energy efficient retrofitting in historic buildings should be managed in a transdisciplinary approach with a case study conducted on the historic building in ̄zmir - Turkey. A detailed building energy simulation tool was used to determine the impacts of energy efficient retrofits. The actual energy consumption of case building was based on the utility bills regarding electricity and heating fuel consumption. Building energy simulation tool was calibrated by comparing the measured and simulated indoor air temperatures and total energy consumptions. The inappropriate retrofits, which contradict to the cultural heritage values, were eliminated with a transdisciplinary approach. Later appropriate retrofits were gathered into three packages to evaluate their effects on the energy consumption. The results show that energy saving of more than 34% can be obtained without damaging the heritage values.Article Citation - WoS: 18Citation - Scopus: 21Evaluation of Heat Treated Clay for Potential Use in Intervention Mortars(Elsevier Ltd., 2010) Budak, Meral; Akkurt, Sedat; Böke, HasanIn this study, raw material compositions, basic physical, mineralogical, microstructural and hydraulic properties of lime mortars used in two selected historic buildings were determined by XRD, SEM-EDS and TGA analyses. The results showed that the mortars were hydraulic due to the use of pozzolanic aggregates. Taking into account the hydraulic characteristics of mortars due to the use of pozzolanic aggregates, the possibility of obtaining hydraulic mortars by using pozzolanic aggregates produced from heated commercial clays was investigated. For this purpose, four clay samples used in the ceramic industry in Turkey were heated at varying temperatures of 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 800, and 1200°C with a heating rate of 10°C/min. Pozzolanic properties of heated clay samples were determined. The results showed that commercial clays studied are well suited for use as pozzolanic aggregates when they are heated between 500 and 700. °C. This is also confirmed by testing the compressive strengths of the three month aged laboratory-produced mortars that contained thermally treated clay (at 600°C) as pozzolanic aggregates. Compressive strength of this mortar was around 5. MPa which is satisfactorily high. © 2009 Elsevier B.V.Article Citation - WoS: 41Citation - Scopus: 42Characterization of Materials Used in the Execution of Historic Oil Paintings by Xrd, Sem-Eds, Tga and Libs Analysis(Elsevier Ltd., 2009) Şerifaki, Kerem; Böke, Hasan; Yalçın, Şerife; İpekoğlu, BaşakIn this study, material characteristics of historic oil paintings in a 19th century church in Ayvali{dotless}k/Turkey were investigated to propose the treatments to be used in their conservation and protection. For this purpose, physical, chemical and mineralogical compositions and the microstructure of the paintings were determined by X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope, Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer, Differential Scanning Calorimeter, Infrared Spectroscopy and Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Analysis results showed that the paintings were composed of very thin binding and white priming layers on which the pigments were applied. Binding layers were composed of polymerized vegetable oil with Zinc Oxide. Priming layers were composed of anglesite mineral in polymerized vegetable oil. Pigments used in paintings were mainly green earth, red chrome and iron oxide.Article Citation - WoS: 50Citation - Scopus: 51The Use of Brick-Lime Plasters and Their Relevance To Climatic Conditions of Historic Bath Buildings(Elsevier Ltd., 2009) Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; Böke, HasanBrick-lime mortars and plasters have been widely used as water-proof materials in aqueducts, bridges and cisterns since early Hellenistic time. In this study, the characteristics of brick-lime plasters used in some Ottoman bath buildings were investigated in order to understand their relevance as plasters in hot and humid environmental conditions of the baths. For this purpose, basic physical properties, raw material compositions, mineralogical, microstructural and hydraulic properties of brick-lime plasters of some historic bath buildings in İzmir (Turkey) were determined by XRD, SEM-EDX, AFM and chemical analyses. The results indicated that their survival without loosing their strength and adhesion in hot and humid conditions of the baths was explained by their hydraulic characters due to the consciously use of porous and pozzolanic crushed bricks as aggregate in the manufacturing of plasters.Article Citation - WoS: 62Citation - Scopus: 60Properties of Roman Bricks and Mortars Used in Serapis Temple in the City of Pergamon(Elsevier Ltd., 2009) Böke, Hasan; Özkaya, Özlem AslanSerapis temple, which was constructed in the Roman period in the city of Pergamon (Bergama/Turkey), is one of the most important monuments of the world heritage. In this study, the characteristics of bricks and mortars used in the temple have been determined in order to define the necessary characteristics of the intervention materials, which will be used in the conservation works of the temple. Several analyses were carried out to determine their basic physical properties, raw material compositions, mineralogical and microstructural properties using X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope and a Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer. Analysis results indicated that the mortars are stiff, compact and hydraulic due to the use of natural pozzolanic aggregates. The Roman bricks are of low density, high porosity and were produced from raw materials containing calcium poor clays fired at low temperatures.