Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage / Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma ve Onarım
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Article Citation - WoS: 27Citation - Scopus: 28Lime Mortar Technology in Ancient Eastern Roman Provinces(Elsevier, 2021) Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; Duran, Hasan Engin; Böke, HasanNatural pozzolanic aggregates were discovered during the Roman era and have been widely used in hydraulic mortar production. Despite the claims of ancient treatises, the properties of pozzolans and the technology of hydraulic lime mortars were well known and applied in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. In this study, the characteristics of lime mortar at the ancient sites of Aigai and Nysa located in Western Anatolia were investigated to elicit the technology applied. The raw material compositions of the mortars, the hydraulic properties of the binders, and the mineralogical and chemical compositions of the natural pozzolans used were determined via X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The major and trace element compositions of the natural pozzolans were evaluated via multivariate statistical analysis to determine whether the same local raw material resources were used in their manufacture. The analytical results indicated that the Roman mortars were hydraulic, stiff, and durable materials due to the use of natural pozzolanic aggregates mostly comprising dacite. Although the aggregates had similar mineralogical compositions, multivariate statistical analysis revealed that their chemical compositions were clearly distinguishable, indicating the use of different sources of raw materials. Thus, it was inferred that similar pozzolan resources were known and deliberately used to produce hydraulic mortars in the eastern ancient Roman provinces.Article Citation - WoS: 8Citation - Scopus: 10Interior Plastering of Ottoman Bath Buildings(Elsevier Ltd., 2019) İpekci, Emre; Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; Böke, HasanOttoman baths were peculiar buildings with their function in community life, architectural characteristics and material use. Their interior spaces were exposed to high humidity and temperatures that made the building structure vulnerable to physical, chemical, physicochemical and biological degradations. Plasters used on the interior wall surfaces were the most important agents to protect the structure from deterioration and provide durability. This study aims to exhibit the plaster characteristics of Çinili Bath in İstanbul which was an outstanding example of Ottoman baths and built by Great Architect Sinan. Basic physical properties, raw material compositions, mineralogical, microstructural and hydraulic properties of original brick-lime plasters called as horasan (khorasan) plasters used on the walls were determined by XRF, XRD, SEM-EDS and TGA. Multilayered plaster application together with the use of glazed tiles were observed on the wall surfaces of all interior spaces. The plasters were produced from pure lime and pozzolanic crushed brick or tile aggregates and hydraulic because of the pozzolanic properties of aggregates. They are stiff, compact and durable in hot and humid conditions of bath buildings due to their self-healing properties and the formation of calcium silicate hydrates and calcium aluminate hydrates at the lime-brick interfaces and in the pores of the pozzolanic brick aggregates by the reaction of lime. Characteristics of brick aggregates were compared with the construction bricks used in the building. Their chemical and mineralogical compositions revealed that the aggregates had not been produced from construction bricks. All the results indicated that brick-lime plasters were the most suitable materials for bath buildings to protect the structure from the effect of water. © 2019 The AuthorsArticle Citation - WoS: 6Citation - Scopus: 3Anadolu’da Roma Dönemi Yapı Tuğlalarının Özellikleri(Gazi Üniversitesi, 2017) Uğurlu Sağın, ElifIn this study, chemical and mineralogical compositions, physical, microstructural and pozzolanic properties of Roman Period building bricks taken from Kizil Avlu (Serapeum) in Pergamon and from several different buildings from ancient sites of Aigai and Nysa were determined by using XRF, XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDS and chemical analyses. Chemical compositions of bricks were evaluted by statistical analyses in order to identify whether or not these bricks were manufactured by using same natural raw material sources. Analyses results indicated that Roman period building bricks were manufactured by using calcium rich clay sources and fired at low temperatures (<900°C). Brick samples were mainly composed of quartz, albite, anorthite, muscovite and hematite. Statistically significant differences found in their chemical compositions revealed that local raw material sources were selected for the manufacturing of historic brick samples belonging to different cities.Article Citation - WoS: 21Citation - Scopus: 23Determination of Caco 3 and Sio 2 Content in the Binders of Historic Lime Mortars(Springer Verlag, 2012) Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; Böke, Hasan; Aras, Nadir; Yalçın, ŞerifeThe binders of historic mortars composed of small grain sized silica (SiO 2) and carbonated lime (CaCO 3) are considered as the main part that give hydraulic character and high strength to the mortar. In this study, FTIR, SEM-EDS, LIBS and XRD spectroscopy were used to find out the weight ratios of CaCO 3 to SiO 2 in the binders of historic lime mortars. For this purpose, a series of pure calcium carbonate and silica mixture were prepared in ten combinations in varying ratios from 0.5 to 5. Calibration curve was prepared for each analysis by plotting the peak area or intensity ratios of CaCO 3 to SiO 2 versus the weight ratios of CaCO 3 to SiO 2. A good linear correlation coefficient was obtained for each analysis respectively. The analyses were then tested on the binder of the Roman mortar samples. The results indicated that FTIR, SEM-EDS and LIBS spectroscopy are convenient tools to determine the weight ratios of CaCO 3 to SiO 2 in the binders of mortars. But XRD spectroscopy is not convenient for quantitative analysis of binders due to the presence of varied amounts of amorphous or poor crystalline silica in their compositions.Article Citation - WoS: 28Citation - Scopus: 29Characteristics of Bricks Used in the Domes of Some Historic Bath Buildings(Elsevier Ltd., 2013) Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; Böke, HasanIn this study, characteristics of bricks used in the domes of some historic bath buildings dated to 15th century in Izmir were determined in order to indicate the properties of repair bricks that will be used in the conservation works of the domes. For this purpose, their basic physical properties, elemental and mineralogical compositions, firing temperatures and microstructural properties were determined by using XRF, XRD, SEM-EDS and TGA analysis. Analysis results indicated that the bricks are of low density, high porosity and were produced from raw materials containing low amounts of calcium poor clays fired at low temperatures (<. 900. °C). They are mainly consisted of small pores with r<. 5. μm that make the bricks more susceptible to salt crystallization and freeze-thaw cycles. Although the bricks were fired at low temperatures and susceptible to salt crystallization and freeze thaw cycles, the structural systems of the domes remained without losing their integrity due to the moderate climatic conditions of Izmir. Repair bricks that will be used in the conservation works of the domes should be compatible with the original ones and produced from calcium poor clays by firing at low temperatures.Article Citation - WoS: 50Citation - Scopus: 51The Use of Brick-Lime Plasters and Their Relevance To Climatic Conditions of Historic Bath Buildings(Elsevier Ltd., 2009) Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; Böke, HasanBrick-lime mortars and plasters have been widely used as water-proof materials in aqueducts, bridges and cisterns since early Hellenistic time. In this study, the characteristics of brick-lime plasters used in some Ottoman bath buildings were investigated in order to understand their relevance as plasters in hot and humid environmental conditions of the baths. For this purpose, basic physical properties, raw material compositions, mineralogical, microstructural and hydraulic properties of brick-lime plasters of some historic bath buildings in İzmir (Turkey) were determined by XRD, SEM-EDX, AFM and chemical analyses. The results indicated that their survival without loosing their strength and adhesion in hot and humid conditions of the baths was explained by their hydraulic characters due to the consciously use of porous and pozzolanic crushed bricks as aggregate in the manufacturing of plasters.Article Citation - WoS: 49Citation - Scopus: 57Characteristics of Lime Produced From Limestone Containing Diatoms(Elsevier Ltd., 2008) Böke, Hasan; Çizer, Özlem; İpekoğlu, Başak; Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; Şerifaki, Kerem; Toprak, GülcanIn this study lime binder used in stone and brick masonry mortars of some historic Ottoman baths was examined to understand whether the binders were hydraulic or not. For this purpose the mineralogical and elemental compositions and the microstructure of lime binder were determined by XRD, SEM-EDS and TGA analyses. The results indicate that the lime used in the brick dome mortars of Ottoman baths was hydraulic. Taking into account the kiln and fuel conditions of the 15th century, the possibility of obtaining hydraulic lime at relatively low temperature was examined. For this purpose limestone containing diatoms was heated at a relatively low temperature (850 °C), then slaked and carbonated. After heating and slaking, calcium silicate giving hydraulicity to the lime was indicated by XRD and SEM-EDS analyses. These results show that the production of hydraulic lime at a relatively low calcination temperature (850 °C) was possible with 15th century kilns.