City and Regional Planning / Şehir ve Bölge Planlama
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Article Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 1Socio-Economic and Development Disparities Over the Long-Run: Exploring Spatial Heterogeneities in the Case of Turkey(Hungarian Central Statistical Office, 2024) Duran, Hasan Engin; Cifci, Burcu Degerli; Karabakan, Berfin; Dogan, FehmiThe aim of this paper is to explore the evolution of socioeconomic development and income disparities and convergence patterns across Turkish provinces, emphasizing the impact of spatial heterogeneities. We propose two types of contributions to the literature. First, most of the studies that apply the 13- convergence method presume a unique 13 parameter, assuming that all regions homogenously converge to the steady state at the same pace. However, we argue that relaxing this assumption by way of considering spatial heterogeneities might be more informative. Second, we provide a simple solution to a severe problem: The neoclassical model assumes a monotonic saddle path along which economic fluctuations are not considered, which might be particularly influential with regard to convergence when the time span is too short to capture long-term evolution. Many empirical studies cover only short periods, which may be easily dominated by recessions or expansions, significantly biasing the results. To overcome this problem, we look into two datasets covering long periods (1963-2017 and 1975-2021). Having applied various empirical methods, such as spatial regressions, GWR and nonparametric regressions, we obtain several results. First, at the country level, there is empirical evidence of regional convergence and decreasing development inequalities. Second, however, this convergence process is not valid in all areas. We conclude that there is nonnegligible spatial heterogeneity that should be taken into account in such analyses.Article Citation - Scopus: 1Factors Affecting Tourist Visits To Archaeological Sites in Turkey: a Spatial Regression Analysis(Lodz University Press, 2023) Toköz, Ö.D.; Avci, A.B.; Duran, H.E.The study focuses on the factors affecting visitor numbers to archaeological sites in Turkey. The aim is to investigate the geographical, economic, and demographic factors underlying the visits using statistical methods. The study covers 117 archaeological site visits in 2019. Although existing studies analysed determinants of visits to archaeological sites of different countries, the evidence needs to be explicit. Methodologically, the classical linear regression models are primarily applied in the literature, whereas the incorporation of spatial dependence has largely been ignored. This study contributes to the literature by employing demographic, economic, and climatic factors and spatial relations between the sites. Therefore, spatial autoregressive (SAR) and spatial error models (SEM) are developed in the analyses. According to the results, WHL inscription and distance to the city centre are crucial factors for the visits. In addition, the study emphasizes the significant negative effect of spatial dependence on visitor numbers of archaeological sites near each other. © by the author, licensee Łódź University – Łódź University Press, Łódź, Poland.Article Citation - WoS: 3Citation - Scopus: 3Assessment of Mutual Variation of Near-Surface Air Temperature, Land Surface Temperature and Driving Urban Parameters at Urban Microscale(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2023) Gerçek,D.; Güven,İ.T.The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect is of critical concern for cities’ adaptation to climate change. The UHI effect shows substantial intra-urban variation at the city microscale, causing disparities in thermal comfort and energy consumption. Therefore, air temperature assessment should be prioritized for effective heat mitigation and climate adaptation. However, meteorological stations’ spatial distribution is far from meeting the scale that the UHI and its driving parameters operate. This limitation hampers demonstrating the intra-city variability of UHI and its origin of sources; for example, most studies employ Land Surface Temperature (LST), usually without demonstrating the relationship between UHI and LST. The current body of knowledge on urban climate implies a much better understanding and more detailed information on the spatial pattern of UHI and the driving factors to provide decision-makers with tools to develop effective UHI mitigation and adaptation strategies. In an attempt to address the adequacy of the use of LST and UPs in describing the intra-city variability of UHI, this study investigates the relationship between LST daytime and nighttime, and air temperature (Ta) daytime and nighttime, and driving urban parameters (UPs) of UHI together. Although it is well recognized that the intensity of the UHI is characterized by Ta, particularly at night, so-called nocturnal UHI, the use of remotely sensed LST is common, owing to the lack of spatially detailed Ta data in cities. Our findings showed that nocturnal UHI is weakly correlated with nighttime LST with a Pearson correlation (r) of 0.335 at p > 0.05 and that it is not correlated with daytime LST for the case study, highlighting the need for Ta observations for representing the intra-urban variation of nocturnal UHI. Among UPs, Sky View Factor (SVF), Building Volume Density (BVD), and Road Network Density (RND) explained 69% of the variability of Ta nighttime that characterizes nocturnal UHI. Therefore, UPs that performed well in estimating nocturnal UHI may be used in the absence of densely distributed Ta measurements. In a further investigation of the urban cooling phenomenon based on UHI diurnal changes, a particular region with high nighttime temperatures spoiled the Ta daytime and nighttime coherence. This region is characterized by high Mean Building Height (MBH), BFD, and BVD that re-emits heat, low SVF that prevents urban cooling, and high RND that releases extra heat at night. These particular UPs can be of prior interest for urban cooling. The present study, exploring the relationships of LST and Ta in a diurnal context, offers a further understanding of the preference of LST, Ta, or UPs to characterize UHI. Ta, in relation to major causative factors (UPs), provides insights into addressing the localities most vulnerable to the UHI effect and possible strategies targeting heat mitigation for sustainability and climate change resilience. © 2023 by the authors.Article Citation - WoS: 6Citation - Scopus: 7Contextualising the Housing Problem of the Roma Community in Relation To Counterurbanisation in Urla, İzmir(Elsevier, 2024) Arslan Avar, Adile; Doğan, Fehmi; Özcan Cive, Yağmur; Akış, TonguçThis paper examines how the housing problem of the Roma people, living already under severe socio-spatial circumstances, has been exacerbated by counterurbanisation over recent decades in the resort town of Urla, İzmir. Based on empirical socio-spatial research adopting methodological pluralism integrating qualitative and quantitative research techniques, the study uses in-depth interviews and secondary data (e.g., real-estate web data, official statistics, and local media) as well as spatial analysis of satellite images. We limited our study to the proximity of the town center of Urla, considering the Roma community's ‘right to the city’, ensuring their right not to be exiled to the spaces of discrimination, and not to be exempted from their right to appear and co-exist in the town center. As Urla became a prominent and attractive destination of counterurbanisation in Turkey, its growth was intensified by high-end housing production. Coming to 2000s, its urban-rural texture remained, at least physically, ‘rural’, but it had undergone significant transformation. And while this recent higher-end development accompanied by counterurbanisation is sanctioned by local authorities, the public and property owners, it leaves no room for the Roma people to find decent housing. An inquiry on the housing problem of the Roma people in Urla in relation to counterurbanisation and accompanying housing production contributes to understanding the dialectics between deregulated housing market, commodification and uneven distribution of treasury lands, neoliberal regulations, and fragmented development plans implemented in highly “path-dependent” ways. © 2023 Elsevier LtdArticle Citation - WoS: 14Citation - Scopus: 16Hybridising Counterurbanisation: Lessons From Japan's Kankeijinko(Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Dilley, Luke; Gkartzios, Menelaos; Kudo, Shogo; Odagiri, TokumiThis paper examines the discourse and material manifestation of kankeijinko over bar , a phrase used in Japan to describe, primarily, highly mobile groups of urbanities who make regular visits to the countryside. Drawing on Japanese grey literature, secondary data analysis, national-level policy reports and exploratory fieldwork in the northwest of Japan, we argue that the concept of kankeijinko over bar offers a view of rural mobility quite different from more established views of counterurbanisation, at least in the way that it has been captured in the global north. As a concept, kankeijinko over bar invites us to move beyond simple and binary taxonomies of migration and settlement, and destabilizes the notion of rural vitality as being linked to rural populations that are spatially fixed and bounded. Further, the promotion of kankeijinko over bar in policy discourses in Japan has the potential to support new hybrid, fluid and place-based rural lifestyles that contribute to an interconnected global countryside. On the other hand, the discourse of kankeijinko over bar might privilege certain modes of rural mobility and being, circumscribing the potentialities of these mobile groups.Article Citation - WoS: 10Citation - Scopus: 15Introducing Climate-Related Counterurbanisation: Individual Adaptation or Societal Maladaptation?(Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Scott, Mark; Gkartzios, Menelaos; Halfacree, KeithClimate disruption today and anticipated future climate breakdown are reshaping demographic and spatial processes, with profound consequences for societies across the globe. Specifically, migration can become a key strategy to attempt to respond to and cope with environmental change. This paper seeks to make sense of one type of migration, counterurbanisation, in this climate breakdown era. It provides conceptual clarity to what is termed 'climate-related counterurbanisation' vis-`a-vis wider climate-induced migration and positions climate disruption within the counterurbanisation literature. Climate-related counterurbanisation is presented as a largely voluntary movement down the settlement hierarchy as a direct or indirect response to climate change, with positive representations of 'rurality' central to the relocation decision: individual adaptation. However, it is mediated by numerous geographically variegated and specific environmental, cultural, social and economic factors. Indeed, it may ultimately come to be seen more as maladaptation than adaptation. While moving from urban to rural may make sense at individual household level, such relocations can overall have much more negative impacts on host rural communities or the urban people left behind.Article Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 1A Narrative of an Ideological Destruction: Where Do We Go Now?(University of Pittsburgh, 2023) Tunç Cox, Ayça; Aygün, GamzenurLebanese filmmaker, actress, and screenwriter Nadine Labaki’s 2011 film Where Do We Go Now? is about the ideological manipulation that gradually results in a big conflict among people in a rural Middle Eastern village where Muslims and Christians live in a peaceful existence. Labaki is known for her politically engaged narratives which refer to the recent political past of Lebanese whilst centralizing strong female figures. Where Do We Go Now? is no exception, and thus, reflects the director's general cinematic style and political attitude. Labaki invites her audience through the comedy to question ideology which interpellates and thus constructs the individual as a subject by revealing the ways ideology creates differences, separation, and conflict among people. In this context, this article strives to analyze the film Where Do We Go Now? employing critical discourse analysis with references to Althusser's conceptualization of ideology and Subject-subject formation. © 2023, University Library System, University of Pittsburgh. All rights reserved.Article Citation - WoS: 1Kent Plancısının Politik Rolü: Türkiye Deneyiminden Çıkarımlar(TMMOB Şehir Plancıları Odası, 2023) Özdemir, EsinBu makale, planlama yazınında giderek önem kazanan kent plan- cısının politik rolüne odaklanmaktadır. Amacı, ilk olarak, özellikle teknokrat ve iletişimci/müzakereci plancı rollerine bir alternatif olarak savunulan plancının politik rolünün pratikteki anlamını ve somut düzeyde oluşabilecek politik rolleri ortaya koymak; ikinci olarak da, bunların karşısına çıkan olanak ve engelleri Türkiye ör- neği üzerinden tartışmaktır. Makale öncelikle politik rolün kuram- sal temellerine bakmakta, siyaset felsefesi alanındaki tartışmaları temel alarak, ‘politik olan nedir?’ sorusu üzerinde durmaktadır. Daha sonra, politik rolün planlama yazınındaki yerine bakılmakta ve iletişimsel planlamaya bu rol çerçevesinde yapılan eleştirilere yer verilmektedir. Bir sonraki bölümde; rant yaratma odaklı kentsel dönüşüm tehdidi altındaki mahallelere plancılar tarafından destek verme ve refakat etme süreçlerinde, yine plancılar tarafından ka- musal alanları savunmaya yönelik yürütülen muhalefet süreçlerinde ve Şehir Plancıları Odası tarafından neoliberal kentsel projelere karşı açılan davaları merkezine alan yasal süreçlerde somut anlam- da ortaya çıkan politik roller irdelenmektedir. Bu kapsamda; refa- katçi rol, kamusal alanları savunucu/aktivist rol ve yasal mücadeleci rol olmak üzere üç farklı politik rol ortaya konulmaktadır. Sonuç olarak makale, plancının teknokrat ve iletişimci/müzakereci rolü- nün yanında, planlama kararlarının veya mekânsal müdahalelerin niteliğine göre farklılaşan politik rollerinin de olduğunu savunmakta ve bu rollerin planlamanın demokratikleşmesi açısından gerekliliği- ni ortaya koymaktadır. Bununla birlikte, makale, plancının politik rolünün zaman boyutuna, diğer plancı rolleri ile ilişkiselliğine ve son olarak da sürekliliğine ve gücüne ilişkin çıkarımlarda bulunmaktadır.Article Hasanoğlan Yüksek Köy Enstitüsü’nün Kuruluşundan Günümüze Yerleşke Bazında Mekânsal Analizi(TMMOB Şehir Plancıları Odası, 2023) Şimsek, Gül; Mercanoğlu, Cansın; Küçükoğlu, HüseyinKöy Enstitüleri, Cumhuriyet’in ilanı ile birlikte çağdaşlaşma sürecine giren Türkiye’nin, örnek gösterilen eğitim kurumla- rından olmuştur. Dönemin köy enstitüleri projesi ile başkent Ankara’nın vizyonu bir araya gelerek, Ankara’ya bağlı Hasanoğ- lan Beldesi’nde, köy enstitülerine öğretmen yetiştiren bir Yük- sek Köy Enstitüsü kurulmuştur. Köy enstitüleri, genel itibariy- le, kırsal alanlarda kalkınmayı en etkin ve hızlı biçimde sağlama amacıyla geliştirilmiş özgün birer kurumdurlar. Enstitüler, sosyal etkilerinden mekânsal organizasyonlarına, yerleşkelerinde insan ölçeğine uygun yapılardan çok yönlü eğitim sistemine, yapım süreçlerinden zaman içerisinde geçirdikleri dönüşümlere kadar, birçok anlamda diğer eğitim kurumlarından ayrışan nitelikler taşımaktadırlar. Hasanoğlan Yüksek Köy Enstitüsü (HYKE) de, Cumhuriyet aydınlanmasının başkent Ankara’sının lokomotifle- rinden biri olmasının yanı sıra, yerleşkesi ve yerleşkenin mekânsal nitelikleri ile kayda değer bir yere sahiptir. HYKE, halen eğitim kurumu olarak kullanılmakta olup, günümüze dek adının ve kapsamının değiştiği bir kaç evre yaşamıştır. Çalışmanın amacı; HYKE’nin günümüze kadar yaşadığı değişiklikleri yerleşke ölçe- ğinde mekânsal boyutlarıyla araştırmaktır. Araştırmanın yürütül- mesinde, yerleşkenin tarihine ışık tutan yazılı, görsel belgeler ve görüşmeler ile saha çalışmasından yararlanılmaktadır. Enstitünün farklı evrelerinde geçirdiği dönüşümler neticesinde, yerleşke mekânlarında yok olma, küçülme, atıl kalma, işlev değişikliği gibi yönlerde değişimler meydana geldiği ortaya çıkmaktadır.Article Citation - WoS: 14Citation - Scopus: 13Overview of Social Policies for Town and Village Development in Response To Rural Shrinkage in East Asia: the Cases of Japan, South Korea and China(MDPI, 2023) Li, Wenqi; Zhang, Li; Lee, Inhee; Gkartzios, MenelaosGlobally speaking, Asian countries, especially East Asian countries, are facing acute national depopulation situation and severe rural shrinkage development. Based on the continuous surveys of town and village development in Japan, South Korea, and China, this study aims to provide an overview of social policies that have been implemented in the past or more recently in these three countries in response to rural shrinkage, and to outline the core philosophy of these practices to cope with the repercussions. In this paper, we analyze the overall process of rural depopulation and the present features of town and village development in three countries. We subsequently present the social policies over the last few decades and summarize them into four major groups. Furthermore, we highlight that the focus of social policies is not to seek possible ways to reestablish growth but to provide positive support and effective reform to adjust and satisfy the changing needs of towns and villages under the circumstances of shrinking development, including the optimization of public resource allocation, exploring institutional innovation to valorize abandoned assets, and developing endogenous potentials for future sustainable development. Qualitative methods from a combination of literature review, policy review, and field surveys have mainly been adopted in this research. The study of East Asian practices may be instructive for other Asia-Pacific countries, as well as European countries that have been experiencing or will eventually face the challenges of rural shrinkage.