Mechanical Engineering / Makina Mühendisliği
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/4129
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Article Citation - WoS: 18Citation - Scopus: 20Cold Plate Enabling Air and Liquid Cooling Simultaneously: Experimental Study for Battery Pack Thermal Management and Electronic Cooling(Elsevier, 2023) Coşkun, Turgay; Çetkin, ErdalThe temperature of cells varies greatly during dis/charge while their performance and lifetime are greatly affected by this fluctuation. Elevated temperatures may yield battery fire due to thermal runaway as well they accelerate ageing and capacity fade of cells. Thermal management systems are a necessity for electric vehicles to extend the lifetime of battery cells and eliminate any fire risks, especially for fast dis/charging applications. Here, we document a hybrid cold plate with a working fluid(s) of sole air or liquid as well as both of them. Hybridization of air and liquid cooling promises to minimize energy consumption requirements during a charge/ discharge cycle by combining the benefits of both thermal management strategies if energy management is controlled accordingly. The temperature of each cell can be kept below 30 degrees C with the proposed hybrid cooling heat exchanger, and the temperature difference between the cells is reduced by 30 % relative to liquid cooling. The maximum temperatures are decreased by 18 % and 3 % in hybrid cooling when compared to air and water cooling, respectively. Furthermore, a step function combining various discharge rates (1C and 3C) was employed in experiments to mimic a realistic situation, i.e. variable C-rate rather than constant. The results show that the temperature of the battery cells can be kept below 30 degrees C with air cooling for variable discharge rate and the effect of contact resistance should not be overlooked for liquid cooling. Furthermore, the possible use of the proposed hybrid cold plates is surveyed in the cooling of electronic devices which produce more and continuous heat than cells. Therefore, three resistance heaters with a capacity of 50W are used in experiments as well. The results show that the proposed cold plates could be used in both electronics cooling and battery thermal management with a control algorithm to switch between sole working fluid and combination modes which could be developed based on the results of this paper.Article Citation - WoS: 5Citation - Scopus: 5Investigation and Validation of the Flow Stress Equation and Damage Model Parameters of an Electron Beam Melted Ti6al4v Alloy With a Martensitic Phase(Elsevier, 2023) Güden, Mustafa; Bin Riaz, Arslan; Toksoy, Ahmet Kaan; Yıldıztekin, Murat; Erten, Hacer İrem; Çimen, Gülden; Hızlı, BurakThe Johnson and Cook flow stress and damage model parameters of an electron beam melt (EBM)-Ti64 alloy composed of & alpha;' (martensite) and & alpha;+& beta; and an extruded-annealed conventional Ti64 alloy were determined experimentally. The validities of the determined flow stress equations and damage model parameters were then verified by the numerical simulations of the compression tests on the Body Centered Cubic lattices produced using the same EBM parameters with the solid EBM samples. In addition, a compression flow stress equation was extracted from the small-size test specimens (1 and 2 mm diameter) taken directly from the struts of the as-built lattices. The microscopic observations, XRD analyses and hardness tests confirmed the presence of & alpha;& PRIME; phase in the EBM solid samples and in the struts of the BCC lattices, which reduced the ductility of the EBM solid specimens and struts compared to the conventional Ti64. Furthermore, the partially melt particles on the surfaces of the struts acted as the stress concentration sides for micro-cracking; hence, the compression flow stresses of the struts were found to be significantly lower than those of the as-built EBM solid specimens. The flow stress equation derived from the struts predicted more accurately the compression behavior of the lattices. The compression tests and models showed that early damage formation in the lattices was noted to decrease the initial peak and post peak stresses. As with the experiments, the initial damage occurred in the models with the separation of the nodes at the lattice cell surface edges. This resulted in an abrupt reduction in the stresses after the peak stress. The numerical lattices without damage showed a localized lattice deformation at the mid-sections and the stress increased continuously as a function of normal strain.Article Citation - WoS: 12Citation - Scopus: 13Mobility Analysis of Tripod Scissor Structures Using Screw Theory(Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Liao, Yuan; Kiper, Gokhan; Krishnan, SudarshanMechanisms consisting of spatial scissor units have different kinematic behaviors than those of planar scissors. However, their kinematics, especially the mobility analysis, has not received enough attention. Two types of deployable asseblies are analyzed in this paper, namely the translational and mirrored assemblies. Both the assemblies are made of tripod scissor units, and their instantaneous mobility are examined using screw theory. The study starts on the configuration where all the members have the identical deployment angle. Firstly, the geometric property of each assembly was studied. Then, screw-loop equations were developed based on graph theory and closure equations. Finally, the mobility of each assembly was computed using linear algebra. Following the analysis, physical prototypes were constructed to validate the results, and several different motion modes were obtained for the translational assembly. The analysis reveals different kinematic behaviors of the two assemblies. In the given configuration, the translational assemblies have four instantaneous degrees of freedom, while the mirrored assemblies have only a single instantaneous degree of freedom.Article Citation - WoS: 36Citation - Scopus: 37Numerical Investigation of Melting Process for Phase Change Material (pcm) Embedded in Metal Foam Structures With Kelvin Cells at Pore Scale Level(Elsevier, 2023) Sabet, Safa; Buonomo, Bernardo; Sheremet, Mikhail A.; Manca, OronzioThe present numerical study analyzes the melting process of phase change material (PCM) embedded in a metallic foam structure at pore scale level. The computational domain consists of two different sizes of 3D cubic boxes. The analyzed domain is filled with Kelvin cell-structures with different Cell Per Length (CPL) and constant porosity of 0.956. A constant temperature, higher than the melting temperature of PCM, is assigned to one external surface of the enclosure, while the other surfaces are adiabatic. The conjugate problem for the heat transfer between the PCM and the solid structure with Kelvin cells is developed. Enthalpy-porosity method is used to describe the PCM melting process. The finite volume method is used to solve the conjugate heat transfer problem at pore scale level by Ansys-Fluent code. A comparison of different CPL values is reported in terms of liquid fraction, average temperature of the PCM, and energy storage. The comparison is also considered between the two different volumes of the cubic boxes. The presence of the metallic structured Kelvin cells increases the overall heat transfer rate and decreases the melting time. Results for smaller cavity indicates that as the CPL number increases, the time required for the PCM melting process decreases. Furthermore, the total heat accumulation process takes a shorter time to reach the maximum value. The melting time and the duration of heat accumulation are worsened for the large cubic box (L = 4 inch) at CLP>6. This is due to the dominant viscous effect, which decreases the velocity induced by the buoyancy forces because of higher contact surface area. In these cases, heat transfer between liquid and solid phases of the PCM decreases substantially. © 2023 Elsevier LtdArticle Citation - WoS: 18Citation - Scopus: 19The Impact Response of a Nomex® Honeycomb Core/E-glass Composite Sandwich Structure To Increasing Velocities: Experimental and Numerical Analysis(Elsevier, 2023) Çelik, Muhammet; Güden, Mustafa; Sarıkaya, Mustafa; Taşdemirci, Alper; Genç, Cem; Ersoy, Kurtuluş; Serin, ÖzgürThe impact response of an E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy/Nomex® honeycomb core sandwich was investigated both experimentally and numerically at increasing velocities through concentrated quasi-static indentation force (CQIF), low velocity impact (LVI) and high velocity impact (HVI) tests. The composite face sheets and core were modelled using MAT_162 and MAT_026 homogenized material model in LS-DYNA, respectively. The experimental and numerical LVI test forces corresponding to core crushing and face sheet penetration were shown to be higher than those of the CQIF tests and increased as the impactor velocity increased. The increase of the impact forces at increasing velocities was largely ascribed to the inertia and the strain rate sensitive fracture strength of the composite sheets. The core shearing was detected in the CQIF and LVI tests both experimentally and numerically. It was also detected in the HVI tests at the velocities less than 20 m s?1. The deformation in the HVI tests at and above ? 29.4 m s?1 was highly localized in the impact area with no core shearing and a large delamination damage area at the front face sheet. The force enhancement due to the micro-inertia of the core deformation was shown to be not significant at the studied velocities. © 2023 Elsevier LtdArticle Citation - WoS: 12Citation - Scopus: 17Development of the Johnson-Cook Flow Stress and Damage Parameters for the Impact Response of Polycarbonate: Experimental and Numerical Approach(Elsevier, 2023) Sarıkaya, Mustafa; Güden, Mustafa; Kambur, Çağdaş; Çankaya Özbek, Sevim; Taşdemirci, AlperThe Johnson and Cook (JC) flow stress and damage model parameters of a polycarbonate (PC) plate were determined by the mechanical tests and numerical simulations of the tests. The experimental tests included quasi-static and high strain rate tension and compression, quasi-static notched-specimen tension, quasi-static indentation (QSI), low velocity impact (LVI) and projectile impact (PI). Initially, five different quasi-static flow stress-strain equations were extracted from the experimental and numerical tests. The flow stress equa-tion determined from the experimental average true stress-true strain curve well agreed with the effective stress -strain obtained from the quasi-static numerical tension test. The numerical QSI force-displacement curve based on the experimental average true stress-true strain equation was further shown to be very similar to that of the experiment. The LVI and PI test simulations were then continued with the experimental average true stress-true strain equation using five different flow stress-strain rate relations: JC, Huh and Kang (HK), Allen-Rule and Jones (ARJ), Cowper-Symonds (CS) and the nonlinear rate approach (NLA). The rate sensitivity parameters of these relations were extracted from the quasi-static and high strain rate tests. The LVI test simulations using the stress -strain rate relations exhibited force-displacement curves higher than those of the experiments. The detected almost no strain rate sensitivity in the LVI tests was ascribed to low strain rate dependency of the flow stress at these intermediate strain rates and large strains involved. On the other side, all the stress-strain rate relations investigated nearly predicted the experimental damage types: dishing at 100 and 140 m s-1 and petalling at 160 m s- 1, except the CS relation which predicted the fracture of the plate at 140 m s-1. The experimental average projectile exit velocity at 160 m s- 1 was further well predicted by the used stress-strain rate relations while the experimental average petal thicknesses were under estimated by the models. The absorbed energy at 160 m s-1 PI test was determined 1.6 times that of the QSI test, which proved an increased energy absorption capability of the tested PC at the investigated impact velocities.Article Citation - WoS: 6Citation - Scopus: 6Numerical Study on Thermal Behaviors of Parallel Plate Systems for Sensible Thermal Energy Storage With Heat Loss(Elsevier, 2023) Sabet, Safa; Buonomo, Bernardo; Xie, Gongnan; Manca, OronzioA numerical study on thermal energy storage systems with parallel plates to collect sensible heat is conducted with porous and direct model approaches. The simulations in a two-dimensional domain are performed with COMSOL Multiphysics commercial software. For the equivalent porous medium, the permeability and effective thermal conductivity as well as the specific area, and interfacial convective coefficient are numerically evaluated, considering a thermally and hydrodynamically fully developed flow. A stack of parallel plates is the system with assigned length and height, and the external heat losses effect is considered. The analysis allows to evaluate an optimized configuration as Channels Per Length (CPL) by means of a balance in the channels between pressure drop and heat transfer. Moreover, the effect of CPL values and heat loss from the parallel plate system is esti-mated in terms of charging time and heating capacity. The results exhibit that as the CPL increases, the time required for the charging process decreases while heat accumulation inside the system increases significantly. In fact, at the highest CPL, charging time is 2.7 times faster and the amount of heat accumulation is approximately 20% higher in adiabatic case. It is illustrated that the amount of heat accumulation inside the system varies considerably for different heat loss values. Ultimately, this study shows that porous model is more practical and accurate to be used for higher CPL cases.Article Citation - WoS: 30Citation - Scopus: 33Emergence of Elevated Battery Positioning in Air Cooled Battery Packs for Temperature Uniformity in Ultra-Fast Dis/Charging Applications(Elsevier, 2022) Göçmen, Sinan; Çetkin, ErdalPure electric vehicles (EVs) are gradually becoming major interest of research in worldwide. Battery cells in EV battery packs must be kept in between the desired operational temperature range (similar to 30 degrees C) and temperature should be homogeneous in packs to eliminate safety risks and prolong battery life. In this study, performance of a novel BTMS design was studied at various discharge conditions with fast and ultra-fast C-rate values. Cooling with natural convection exceeds desired operational temperature in the pack as well as forced air convection in Z-type manifold. Elevated battery positions yield flow resistance along the air channels in between battery cells to be uniform which yields flow rate sweeping the surface of each cell to be the same. Therefore, the maximum temperature in between cells decreases to less than 0.3K from the order of 12K. The temperature uniformity is essential for ageing and electrical resistance of cells to be homogeneous in a pack. In addition, heat transfer enhancement with various fin designs is documented as well as its effect on the temperature distribution. The accuracy of numerical studies is validated by experimental work. The results show that the peak temperature can be kept under the desired operational temperature with minimum deviation in the temperature difference for distinct operation conditions required for advanced electric vehicles (cars, airplanes, helicopters) with extreme charging and discharging capability.Article Citation - WoS: 12Citation - Scopus: 11Computational Investigation of Non-Premixed Hydrogen-Air Laminar Flames(Elsevier, 2023) Benim, Ali Cemal; Korucu, AyşeLaminar diffusion hydrogen/air flames are numerically investigated. Detailed and global mechanisms are compared. NO formation is modelled by full nitrogen chemistry and the extended Zeldovich mechanism. A satisfactory agreement between the present predictions and the experiments of other authors is observed. Significance of different ingredients of mathematical modelling is analyzed. Minor roles of thermal diffusion and radiation, but a significant role of buoyancy is observed. It is observed that the full and quasi multi-component diffusion deliver the same results, whereas assuming Le = 1 to a remarkable difference. NO emissions logarithmically increase with increasing residence time. NO is the dominating nitrogen oxide. Its share increases with residence time, whereby NO2 and N2O show a reverse trend. It is observed that the NNH route plays a remarkable role in NO formation, where the share of the Zeldovich mechanism increases with residence time from about 20% to 85%, within the considered range. © 2022 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLCArticle Citation - WoS: 54Citation - Scopus: 59Orientation Dependent Tensile Properties of a Selective-Laser 316l Stainless Steel(Elsevier, 2021) Güden, Mustafa; Yavaş, Hakan; Tanrıkulu, Ahmet Alptuğ; Taşdemirci, Alper; Akın, Barış; Enser, Samed; Karakuş, Ayberk; Arslan Hamat, BurcuThe effect of specimen inclination angle with respect to building direction on the tensile properties of a selective laser melt 316L alloy was investigated. Tensile test specimens were fabricated with the angles between 0 degrees to 90 degrees at 15 degrees intervals using a rotation scanning. In addition, 316L alloy test specimens were generated in the ANSYS 2020R1 additive module and tensile tested in LS-DYNA in order to determine the effect of residual stresses on the tensile strengths. The microscopic analysis revealed a strong < 110 > fiber texture orientation along the building direction (the loading axis of 0 degrees inclined specimens) and a weak 111 texture or nearly random distribution of directions in the normal to the building direction (tensile loading axis of 90 degrees inclined specimens). The yield and tensile strength increased and ductility decreased with increasing inclination angle. The strength variation with the inclination angle was shown well-fitted with the Tsai-Hill failure criterion. Although, the used numerical models indicated an inclination-dependent residual stress, the difference in the residual stresses was much lower than the difference in the strengths between 0 degrees and 90 degrees inclined specimens. Predictions showed a lower twinning stress in 0 degrees inclined specimens due to < 110 > fiber texture orientation in the tensile axis. The fiber texture resulted in extensive twinning; hence, higher ductility and tension-compression asymmetry in 0 degrees inclined specimens. Based on these results, the variations in the strength and ductility of tested SLM-316L specimens with the inclination angle was ascribed to the variations in the angle between the fiber texture orientation and loading axis.