Mechanical Engineering / Makina Mühendisliği
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/4129
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Research Project Seramik matriks kompozitlerin düşük sıcaklıklarda polimer piroliz yöntemi ile üretimi ve karakterizasyonu(TÜBİTAK - Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, 2004) Tanoğlu, Metin; Akkaş, Hatice Deniz; Öveçoğlu, M. LütfiSeramik matriks kompozit (SMK) ler önseramik polimerlerin pirolitik dönüşümü kullanılarak geliştirilmiştir. İlk olarak, fenil (PPS) ve metil (PMS) ihtiva eden polisiloksanlar, ısıl dönüşümleri ve faz oluşumlarının incelenmesi için dolgu malzemesi ilave edilmeden, değişik piroliz sıcaklıklarında (900-1500°C) ve argon atmosferinde piroliz prosesine tabi tutulmuştur. Bunun sonucunda, 1300°C'ye kadar inert atmosferde gerçekleşen piroliz ile polimerlerin amorf silikon oksikarbür (SiOxCy) seramiklerine dönüştüğü gözlenmiştir. Daha yüksek sıcaklıklardaki dönüşümler beta -SiC kristallerinin oluşumuna sebep olmuştur. SMK'lar, ağırlıkça % 60-80 oranında değişen aktif ve inert dolgular ilave edilerek 15 MPa basınç altında sıcak preslemeyle polimerize edilmiş, inert argon ve reaktif azot atmosferinde 900-15 00°C arasındaki sıcaklıklarda piroliz ile üretilmiştir. Dolgu tipi ve oranının, piroliz sıcaklığı ve atmosferin faz oluşumlarına etkileri XRD, SEM-EDX ve TGA yöntemleriyle incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar, Ti gibi aktif bir dolgu maddesinin kullanılması durumunda aktif dolgunun polimerin bozunma ürünleri ile reaksiyonu sonucu amorf matriks içerisinde TiC, TiSi, ve TiO v.b. kristallerin oluştuğunu göstermiştir. Bunun yanında, inert SiC ilaveli kompozitlerde herhangi yeni faz oluşumu gözlenmemiştir. Aktif dolgu kontrollü polimer piroliz (AFCOP) tekniğinin etkilerini incelemek için SMK'ların kütle kaybı ve yoğunluk artışı değerleri ölçülmüştür. Seramik yapılara aktif dolgu ilave edilmesi durumunda, polimer oranının düşmesi ve dolgu malzemesi ile polimer arasındaki reaksiyonların sonucu olarak kütle değişimleri belirgin şekilde etkilenmiştir. Dolgusuz PPS ve PMS numunelerinde 1500°C'de piroliz işlemi sonucu ölçülen % 27 ve 17 'lik kütle kaybının, kompozit sistemlerinde % 2 seviyelerine kadar düştüğü görülmüştür. Vickers Sertlik testleri ile yapılan mekanik özellik karakterizasyonları SiOC esaslı seramiklerin maksimum sertlik değerlerine (dolgusuz PPS için 8.88 GPa, dolgusuz PMS için 10.67 GPa) çatlaksız ve en az gözenek içeren numunelerin üretildiği optimum sıcaklık olan 1100°C'de ulaşıldığını göstermiştir. Ti ilaveli kompozit sistemlerde ise sertlik değerleri 14 GPa kadar çıkmıştır.Article Poliamid 6/6 (pa 66) Mikrofiberler ile Toklaştırılmış Tabakalı Kompozitlerin Mod-ı Delaminasyon Direncinin İstatiksel Analizi(Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi, 2019) Beylergil, Bertan; Tanoğlu, Metin; Aktaş, EnginFiber takviyeli kompozitler, ağırlıklarına oranla yüksek mukavemet ve rijitlikleri nedeniyle uzay ve otomotiv yapısal parçalarında yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Delaminasyon, bu kompozitlerde görülen en yaygın ve kritik hasar modudur. Bu kompozitlerin delaminasyon direncini arttırmak amacıyla, nanokatkılar ile epoksi toklaştırması, dikişleme, z-pimler ve arayüzeyde mikro/nanofiber kullanılması gibi pek çok sayıda teknik geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, poliamid 6/6 (PA 66) mikrofiberler ile toklaştırılmış karbon fiber/epoksi kompozitlerin Mode-I delaminasyon direnci Weibull dağılımı kullanılarak istatiksel olarak analiz edilmiştir. Test verilerinin istatiksel olarak değerlendirilmesi sonucunda PA 66 mikrofiberlerin kullanılmasının %90 güven seviyesinde kırılma tokluğunu yaklaşık %445 mertebesinde arttırdığı gözlemlenmiştir.Article Citation - WoS: 8Citation - Scopus: 9Dynamic Behavior Predictions of Fiber-Metal Laminate/Aluminum Foam Sandwiches Under Various Explosive Weights(SAGE Publications, 2016) Baştürk, Suat Bahar; Tanoğlu, Metin; Çankaya, Mehmet Alper; Eğilmez, Oğuz ÖzgürApplication of blast tests causes some problems to characterize the performance of panels due to the drastic conditions of explosive medium. Real test has high safety concerns and is not easily accessible because of its extra budget. Some approaches are needed for the preliminary predictions of dynamic characteristics of panels under blast loading conditions. In this study, the response of sandwiches under blast effect was evaluated by combining quasi-static experiments and computational blast test data. The primary aim is to relate the quasi-static panel analysis to dynamic blast load. Based on this idea, lightweight sandwich composites were subjected to quasi-static compression loading with a special test apparatus and the samples were assumed as single degree-of-freedom mass-spring systems to include dynamic effect. This approach provides a simpler way to simulate the blast loading over the surface of the panels and reveals the possible failure mechanisms without applying any explosives. Therefore the design of the panels can be revised by considering quasi-static test results. In this work, the peak deflections and survivabilities of sandwiches for various explosive weights were predicted based on the formulations reported in the literature. Major failure types were also identified and evaluated with respect to their thicknesses.Article Citation - WoS: 7Citation - Scopus: 9Effects of Hybrid Yarn Preparation Technique and Fiber Sizing on the Mechanical Properties of Continuous Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites(SAGE Publications, 2016) Merter, N. Emrah; Başer, Gülnur; Tanoğlu, MetinIn this study, hybrid yarns were developed by commingling the continuous polypropylene and glass fibers using air jet and direct twist preparation techniques. The non-crimp fabrics were obtained with +/- 45 degrees fiber orientation from these hybrid yarns. The fabrics were prepared with fiber sizings that are compatible and incompatible with polypropylene matrix to investigate the effect of interfacial adhesion on the properties of the thermoplastic composites. Composite panels were produced from the developed fabrics by hot press compression method and microstructural and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated. It was found that type of the hybrid yarn preparation technique and glass fiber sizing applied on the glass fibers have some important role on the properties of the composites. Composites made of fabrics produced by air jet hybrid yarn preparation technique exhibited better results than those produced by direct twist covering (single or double) hybrid yarn preparation techniques. The highest flexural properties (99.1MPa flexural strength and 9.55 GPa flexural modulus) were obtained from the composites manufactured from fabric containing compatible sizing, due to better adhesion at the interface of glass fibers and polypropylene matrix. The composite fabricated from fabric with polypropylene compatible sizing also exhibited the highest peel resistance (interlaminar peel strength value of 5.87N/mm). On the other hand, it was found that hybrid yarn preparation technique and type of the glass fiber sizing have insignificant effect on the impact properties of the glass fiber/polypropylene composites.Article Citation - WoS: 16Citation - Scopus: 24Developing Polymer Composite-Based Leaf Spring Systems for Automotive Industry(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2018) Öztoprak, Nahit; Güneş, Mehmet Deniz; Tanoğlu, Metin; Aktaş, Engin; Eğilmez, Oğuz Özgür; Şenocak, Çiler; Kulaç, GedizComposite-based mono-leaf spring systems were designed and manufactured to replace existing mono-leaf metal leaf spring in a light commercial vehicle. In this study, experimentally obtained mechanical properties of different fiber-reinforced polymer materials are presented first, followed by the description of the finite element analytical model created in Abaqus 6.12-1 (Dassault Systemes Simulia Corp., RI, US) using the obtained properties. The results from the finite element analysis are presented next and compared with actual size experimental tests conducted on manufactured prototypes. The results demonstrated that the reinforcement type and orientation dramatically influenced the spring rate. The prototypes showed significant weight reduction of about 80% with improved mechanical properties. The hybrid composite systems can be utilized for composite-based leaf springs with considerable mechanical performance.Article Citation - WoS: 39Citation - Scopus: 40Mode-I Fracture Toughness of Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites Interleaved by Aramid Nonwoven Veils(Techno Press, 2019) Beylergil, Bertan; Tanoğlu, Metin; Aktaş, EnginIn this study, carbon fiber/epoxy (CF/EP) composites were interleaved with aramid nonwoven veils with an areal weight density of 8.5 g/m(2) to improve their Mode-I fracture toughness. The control and aramid interleaved CF/EP composite laminates were manufactured by VARTM in a [0]4 configuration. Tensile, three-point bending, compression, interlaminar shear, Charpy impact and Mode-I (DCB) fracture toughness values were determined to evaluate the effects of aramid nonwoven fabrics on the mechanical performance of the CF/EP composites. Thermomechanical behavior of the specimens was investigated by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). The results showed that the propagation Mode-I fracture toughness values of CF/EP composites can be significantly improved (by about 72%) using aramid nonwoven fabrics. It was found that the main extrinsic toughening mechanism is aramid microfiber bridging acting behind the crack-tip. The incorporation of these nonwovens also increased interlaminar shear and Charpy impact strength by 10 and 16.5%, respectively. Moreover, it was revealed that the damping ability of the composites increased with the incorporation of aramid nonwoven fabrics in the interlaminar region of composites. On the other hand, they caused a reduction in in-plane mechanical properties due to the reduced carbon fiber volume fraction, increased thickness and void formation in the composites.Conference Object Citation - Scopus: 1Development of Composite Drive Shaft Tube for Automotive Industry(Applied Mechanics Laboratory, 2019) Arslan Özgen, Gizem; Tanoğlu, Metin; Aktaş, Engin; Yücetürk, KutayWeight, vibration, fatigue, and critical speed limitations have been recognized as serious problems in drive shafts in automotive industry for many years. Conventional drive shaft is made up into two parts to increase its fundamental natural bending frequency. This present work deals with the replacement of conventional steel drive shaft with a composite counterparts. The benefits of eliminating the two piece shafts are significant reductions in weight, noise, vibration and harshness. In this work, one-piece propeller shaft composed of carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy composites have been designed and manufactured for a rear wheel drive automobile. The performance measures are static torque transmission capability, torsional buckling and the fundamental natural bending frequency. The tubular composite shaft samples are being manufactured by using filament winding technique. To predict the torsional properties, fatigue life and failure modes of composite tubes for different fiber orientation angle and stacking sequence, finite element analysis (FEA) has been used. The predicted and experimental values has been reported for comparison. The next phase of work consists of optimization of shaft for the objective function as weight and fundamental natural frequency considering different stacking sequence and fiber orientation. © CCM 2020 - 18th European Conference on Composite Materials. All rights reserved.Article Citation - WoS: 97Citation - Scopus: 110Effect of Polyamide-6,6 (pa 66) Nonwoven Veils on the Mechanical Performance of Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites(Elsevier Ltd., 2018) Beylergil, Bertan; Tanoğlu, Metin; Aktaş, EnginIn this study, carbon fiber/epoxy (CF/EP) composites were interleaved with polyamide-6,6 (PA 66) nonwoven veils at two different areal weight densities (17 and 50 gsm) to improve their delamination resistance against Mode-I loading. Mode-I fracture toughness (DCB), tensile, open hole tensile (OHT), flexural, compression, short beam shear (ILSS) and Charpy-impact tests were performed on the reference and PA 66 interleaved composite specimens. The DCB test results showed that the initiation and propagation Mode-I fracture toughness values of the composites were significantly improved by 84 and 171% using PA 66-17 gsm veils respectively, as compared to reference laminates. The use of denser PA 66-50 gsm veils in the interlaminar region led to higher improvement in fracture toughness values (349% for initiation and 718% for propagation) due to the higher amount of veil fibers involved in fiber bridging toughening mechanism. The incorporation of PA 66-50 gsm nonwoven veils also increased the ILSS and Charpy impact strength of the composites by 25 and 15%, respectively. On the other hand, the PA 66 veils reduced in-plane mechanical properties of CF/EP composites due to lower carbon fiber volume fraction and increased thickness.Article Citation - WoS: 31Citation - Scopus: 33Modification of Carbon Fibre/Epoxy Composites by Polyvinyl Alcohol (pva) Based Electrospun Nanofibres(Adcotec Ltd., 2016) Beylergil, Bertan; Tanoğlu, Metin; Aktaş, EnginIn this study, the effects of modifying interlaminar region of unidirectional carbon fibre/epoxy composites by the incorporation of electrospun polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibres were investigated. PVA nanofibres were directly deposited onto the carbon fabrics by electrospinning method to improve mechanical performance of those composites. The features of the electrospun nanofibres were characterized by microscopy techniques. The unidirectional carbon fibre/epoxy composite laminates with/without PVA nanofibre interlayers were manufactured by vacuum-infusion technique in a [0]4 configuration. Tensile, three-point bending, compression, Charpy-impact and Mode-I fracture toughness tests (Double Cantilever Beam (DCB)) were carried out in accordance with ASTM standards to evaluate mechanical performance of the composites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations were made on the specimens to evaluate microstructural features. It was observed that the carbon fabrics were successfully coated with a thin layer of PVA nanofibres by electrospinning technique. The results showed that P VA nanofibres improve the mechanical properties of unidirectional carbon/epoxy composite laminates when subjected to in-plane loading. On the other hand, PVA nanofibres slightly reduced the mode-I fracture toughness values although they led to more stable crack propagation.Conference Object Citation - Scopus: 7Design and Fatigue Life Comparison of Steel and Composite Leaf Spring(SAE International, 2012) Soner, M.; Tanoglu, M.; Guven, N.; Karaagac, M.; Akyali, R.; Aksoy, O.; Kanbolat, A.It has been a significant challenge to reduce weights of the vehicles to satisfy the regulations that require development of environmentally-safe vehicles with low CO2 emissions. The conventional leaf springs, designed for the optimized performance together with safety factors, are made of steel. However, it is considered that the steel leaf springs are replaced by lighter ones in order to fulfill the specified requirements. Fiber reinforced composite materials with polymer based matrix offer a great potential for manufacturing leaf springs with lightweight, high mechanical and fatigue performance. Therefore, leaf spring manufacturers have great interest on those materials to replace steel parts with the composite ones and an increasing number of studies have been published in the literature in recent years. In this study, fiber reinforced composite compared with steel leaf springs based on endurance rig tests will be presented. Copyright © 2012 SAE International.