Scopus İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu / Scopus Indexed Publications Collection

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/7148

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Access Right: Embargoed AccessAuthor: search.filters.author.Böke, Hasan

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  • Article
    Characterization of Yellow Patina on Stone Surfaces by Instrumental Analysis Including Libs
    (Taylor & Francis, 2022) Badur, Fulya; Aras, Nadir; Yalçın, Şerife; Böke, Hasan
    Yellow patina formed on the stone surfaces of historical buildings, monuments, and archaeological structures due to weathering is considered a value of the building in the conservation of cultural heritage studies. Although yellow patina layers can be easily distinguished on white marble surfaces, it is not possible to distinguish them on the yellow travertine surfaces with the naked eye. It should be taken into account in yellow travertines as well as marble surfaces before conservation treatments of the stone. In this study, mineralogical and chemical compositions and the thicknesses of yellow patina layers formed on yellow travertine and marble surfaces in Aizanoi, Aphrodisias, and Hierapolis archaeological sites in Turkey were analyzed in order to constitute a conservation approach in the archaeological sites. In this respect, XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, and LIBS were used in the determination of compositions and thicknesses of yellow patina. Although LIBS analysis is a more convenient method to investigate patina layers on stone surfaces, this technique is not as well known as the others. Yellow patina layers contained calcium oxalate in the form of whewellite (CaC2O4.H2O). Their thicknesses were between 15 and 100 μm and should be protective against weathering on travertine and marble surfaces. Highlights LIBS analysis seems to be the most convenient micro-destructive method to estimate the thickness of the yellow patina layers on the marble and yellow travertine surfaces. The determination of the thickness of the yellow patina is critical to keep irreversible cleaning interventions, especially for the yellow travertines due to their similar colors. Yellow patina is mainly composed of calcium oxalate with clay minerals and organic compounds.
  • Article
    Citation - WoS: 1
    Citation - Scopus: 1
    Profiling the Bacterial Diversity in Historic Limestone From Anazarbos Archaeological Site by Advanced Molecular and Spectroscopic Techniques
    (University of the Aegean, 2022) Aydın, Rozelin; İpekci, Emre; Daday, Mine Taykurt; Yüceer, Hülya; Böke, Hasan
    The architectural remains as well as sculptures, mosaics, and other artifacts in the archaeological sites are mostly made of stone and susceptible to biodeterioration by microorganisms. Bacterial communities are known to have the most effective role in biological deterioration in stones. The ancient city of Anazarbos (Anavarza), chosen as the study area, is the 1st Degree Archaeological Site in the vicinity of Dilekkaya Village, Kozan District, about 70 km north of Adana. The microbiological, chemical, mineralogical, and microstructural properties of stone samples taken from different places were studied in this research. Samples were taken from i) where no deterioration occurred, ii) where different forms of deterioration were observed, iii) archaeological deposits, iii) archaeological deposits that came from deteriorated stone samples area. Spectroscopic, thermal, and microscopic techniques applied included: X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive System (SEM-EDS), Thermogravimetric Analysis/Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA). The bacterial biodiversity was analyzed by the application of Illumina-based next-generation sequencing methods. Results show intense biological colonisations with clay minerals on limestone surfaces. A patina of clay minerals was observed on newly excavated stone surfaces, while biological colonisations have not yet intensified. The metabarcoding analysis showed 15 bacterial phyla. The Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the most abundant phyla in both stones and archaeological deposits samples. Human activity (intensive agriculture, animal husbandry), accumulation of rainwater in excavated areas adversely affects stones, which leads to acceleration of biological deterioration in stones. Thus, all features of the site require multi-faceted studies prior to unearthing of archaeological remains.