Scopus İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu / Scopus Indexed Publications Collection
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/7148
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Article Citation - WoS: 64Citation - Scopus: 78Utilization of Municipal Plastic and Wood Waste in Industrial Manufacturing of Wood Plastic Composites(Springer Verlag, 2020) Başalp, Dildare; Tıhmınlıoğlu, Funda; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; İnal, Fikret; Sofuoğlu, AysunIn this study, Wood Plastic Composites (WPCs) were produced from post-consumer bulky wastes of recycled plastic and wood in order to minimize waste, decrease environmental effects of plastics, reserve natural resources, and support circular economy for sustainable production and consumption. Five different types of polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE) based recycled plastics and wood obtained from urban household bulky wastes were used in the production of recycled WPC composites, r-WPCs. Virgin WPC (v-WPC) and r-WPC compounds were prepared with wood flour (WF) and maleic anhydride grafted compatibilizer (MAPP or MAPE) to evaluate the effect of recycled polymer type and compatibilizer on the mechanical properties. It was found that tensile strength properties of r-WPCs produced from recycled PP (r-PP) were higher than that of the r-WPCs produced from mixed polyolefins and recycled PE. r-WPCs containing anti-oxidants, UV stabilizers, and compatibilizer with different WF compositions were produced from only recycled garden fraction PP (PPFGF) to determine the optimum composition and processing temperature for pilot scale manufacturing of r-WPCs. Based on tensile, impact, flexural, and water sorption properties of r-WPC compounds with different formulations, the optimum conditions of r-WPC compounds for industrial manufacturing process were determined. Surface morphology of fractured surfaces as well as tensile, flexural and density results of r-WPC compounds revealed the enhancement effect of MAPP on interfacial adhesion in r-WPCs. r-WPC products (crates and table/chair legs) based on bulky wastes were produced using an injection molding process at industrial scale by using 30 wt% WF-filled r-WPC compound. This study demonstrated that r-WPC compounds from recycled bulky plastic and wood wastes can be used as a potential raw material in plastic as well as WPC industry, contributing to circular economy. GraphicArticle Citation - WoS: 15Citation - Scopus: 18Preparation and Characterization of Magnesium Stearate, Cobalt Stearate, and Copper Stearate and Their Effects on Poly(vinyl Chloride) Dehydrochlorination(John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2015) Gönen, Mehmet; Egbuchunam, Theresa Obuajulu; Balköse, Devrim; İnal, Fikret; Ülkü, SemraPreparation and characterization of pure metal soaps and investigation of their effects on poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) dehydrochlorination were the objectives of the present study. Magnesium stearate (MgSt2), cobalt stearate (CoSt2), and copper stearate (CuSt2) were prepared by a precipitation method. An aqueous sodium stearate (NaSt) solution was mixed at 500 rpm with respective metal salt solutions at 75oC. The precipitates that formed were collected by filtration, washed with water, and ultimately dried at 105oC under reduced pressure. Lamellar crystals that melted on heating were obtained. Solid-liquid phase transitions were observed by optical microscopy at 160oC, 159oC, and 117oC for MgSt2, CoSt2, and CuSt2, respectively. However, the melting points of MgSt2, CoSt2, and CuSt2 were determined as 115oC, 159oC, and 111oC, respectively, by analysis by differential scanning calorimetry. The onset temperature of the mass loss was the lowest at 255oC for CuSt2 and the lowest activation energy for thermal decomposition was 18 kJ/mol for CuSt2. CoSt2 was effective in extending the induction time of PVC dehydrochlorination at both 140oC and 160oC. The activation energy calculated from stability time decreased from 175 kJ/mol for a blank PVC sample to 114, 105, and 107 kJ/mol for MgSt2, CoSt2, and CuSt2-containing PVC samples, respectively. All three metal soaps accelerated the dehydrochlorination of PVC. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 21:235-244, 2015.Article Citation - WoS: 34Citation - Scopus: 43Zinc Stearate Production by Precipitation and Fusion Processes(American Chemical Society, 2005) Gönen, Mehmet; Balköse, Devrim; İnal, Fikret; Ülkü, SemraIn this study, the production of ZnSt2 using sodium stearate and zinc sulfate in a precipitation process, and stearic acid and zinc oxide in a fusion process, was investigated with regard to product purity. In the fusion process, an increase in mixing rate decreased the induction time occurring at the beginning of the reaction. While the melting point of the zinc stearate prepared by the precipitation process was found to be about 122°C by optical microscopy, it was slightly lower than 122°C for zinc stearate produced by the fusion process. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated onset of melting at 120°C and 118°C for samples prepared by precipitation and fusion processes, respectively. Characteristic peaks of ZnSt2 were present in XRD patterns of the products obtained by both processes. From SEM micrographs, it was seen that zinc stearate obtained by both processes had lamellar structure.Article Citation - WoS: 87Citation - Scopus: 110Effects of Oxygenate Additives on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (pahs) and Soot Formation(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2002) İnal, Fikret; Senkan, Selim M.Effects of three oxygenate additives (methanol, ethanol, and MTBE) on the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and soot in laminar, premixed, atmospheric pressure, fuel-rich flames of n-heptane were studied at an equivalence ratio of 2.10. A heated quartz microprobe coupled to online gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to establish the identities and absolute concentrations of major, minor, and trace species by the direct analysis of samples withdrawn from the flames. Benzene was the most abundant aromatic compound identified. The largest PAH detected was the family of C18H10 (molecular weight of 226) that includes cyclopenta[cd]pyrene and benzo[ghi]fluoranthene. Soot particle diameters, number densities, and volume fractions were determined using classical light scattering and extinction measurements. All the oxygenate additives studied reduced the mole fractions of aromatic and PAH species, as well as soot formation. However, the reduction in soot formation was comparable for different oxygenates under the experimental conditions investigated.