Scopus İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu / Scopus Indexed Publications Collection
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/7148
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Editorial Materials Science and Engineering for Circularity: Challenges, Strategies and Solution(Elsevier, 2026) Beck, Gesa; Balle, Frank; Gokelma, Mertol; Shamsuyeva, Madina; Perotto, Giovanni; Gulia, KiranConference Object Formation and Stability of Hydrides During Hydrogenation of Ndfeb Magnets(Springer international Publishing Ag, 2025) Lazou, Adamantia; Tanriverdi, Hakan; Gokelma, MertolDemand for magnets has increased in the last decades due to their usage in the energy sector. One of the most common magnets used for applications such as electronic devices, wind turbines, etc. is Nd2Fe14B (NdFeB). Neodymium (Nd) is one of the critical elements listed by the EU, hence the efficient use and proper recycling of Nd-containing materials become of great interest. Hydrogen is commonly used during magnet production and some hydrogen-assisted recycling approaches were also reported. This study reports an analysis of formed hydrides during hydrogenation of NdFeB magnets at up to 400 degrees C. In addition to experimental results, thermochemical modeling was performed by using FactSage databases to discuss the effect of temperature and pressure on hydrogenation. The study showed that the stability of phases changes with the temperature and pressure which affects the hydrogen content of phases after hydrogenation.Article Citation - WoS: 1Effect of Mechanical Pre-Treatment on the Recovery Potential of Rare-Earth Elements and Gold From Discarded Hard Disc Drives(Springer, 2024) Habibzadeh, Alireza; Kucuker, Mehmet Ali; Gokelma, MertolThe growing demand for rare-earth elements (REEs) and their limited availability have made REEs critical with high supply risk. E-waste, particularly waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), offers a valuable secondary source. This study assesses the impact of mechanical pre-treatment on the recovery of REEs and gold from discarded hard disk drives (HDDs). We compared recovery efficiencies of REEs and Au using separation techniques, particle sizing, and chemical analyses between two pre-treatment methods: shredding and manual disassembly. Shredding, common in electronic waste processing, leads to oxidation and significant loss of critical raw materials (CRMs), while manual disassembly preserves clean, and non-oxidized NdFeB magnets for magnet-to-magnet recycling. Manually disassembled HDDs were directly analyzed to determine recyclable quantities of REEs and gold. Shredded HDDs underwent sieving, density, and magnetic separation, followed by demagnetization and chemical analysis. Results indicate shredding causes a 73.9% loss of REEs and a 43.8% loss of Au compared to manual disassembly, with increased oxidation due to finer particles. These findings suggest that while shredding is adequate for recovering ferrous and aluminum fractions, manual disassembly is essential for maximizing REE recovery.Article Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 1Effect of Mn Concentration on Mechanical Properties of A356 Aluminum Alloy Wheels Produced by Low-Pressure Die Casting(Springer int Publ Ag, 2024) Kaya, A. Yigit; Davut, Kemal; Gokelma, MertolSecondary aluminum alloys in automotive industry have been rising in last decades; however, the iron content is still a concern whether recycled or high iron containing aluminum alloys can fulfill the mechanical requirements. As the proportion of recycled scrap increases in aluminum alloy components, the mixing and accumulation of impurities become significant issues. In this study, manganese was used to counteract the detrimental effects of iron. Accordingly, A356 alloy automobile wheels containing 0.002 wt%, 0.040 wt%, 0.069 wt%, and 0.14 wt% Mn were cast using the low-pressure die casting method, followed by T6 heat treatment. Optical microscope (OM) examinations were performed to observe intermetallics. Additionally, the mechanical properties of the produced wheels were evaluated through hardness measurements, tensile, and Charpy impact tests. After the Charpy impact test, fractured surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Micrographs from SEM and OM were quantified using digital image processing. To interpret this extensive dataset, a statistical model was developed using microstructural data as input through multiple linear regression analysis and analysis of variance. The results were discussed together with the sensitivity analysis. A weak negative linear correlation between Mn concentration and mechanical properties was found, indicating that Mn addition is not the primary factor for the observed decrease in mechanical properties. Elongation and yield strength were significantly influenced by both aspect ratio and particles/mm2, with greater sensitivity to particles/mm2. Additionally, impact energy was strongly affected by aspect ratio of particles (intermetallics and eutectic Si) and their concentration per unit area.Article Citation - WoS: 6Citation - Scopus: 6Microstructural Investigation of Discarded Ndfeb Magnets After Low-Temperature Hydrogenation(Springer, 2024) Habibzadeh, Alireza; Kucuker, Mehmet Ali; Cakir, Oznur; Gokelma, MertolDue to continuously increasing demand and limited resources of rare-earth elements (REEs), new solutions are being sought to overcome the supply risk of REEs. To mitigate the supply risk of REEs, much attention has recently been paid to recycling. Despite the more common recycling methods, including hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processes, hydrogen processing of magnetic scrap (HPMS) is still in the development stage. Magnet-to-magnet recycling via hydrogenation of discarded NdFeB magnets provides a fine powder suitable for the production of new magnets from secondary sources. One of the crucial aspects of HPMS is the degree of recovery of the magnetic properties, as the yield efficiency can easily reach over 95%. The amount, morphology, and distribution of the Nd-rich phase are the key parameters to achieve the excellent performance of the magnet by isolating the matrix grain. Therefore, a better insight into the microstructure of the matrix grains and the Nd-rich phase before and after hydrogenation is essential. In this study, a low-temperature hydrogenation process in the range of room temperature to 400 degrees C was conducted as the first step to recycle NdFeB magnets from discarded hard disk drives (HDDs), and the hydrogenated powder was characterized by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results show that there are three different morphologies of the Nd-rich phase, which undergo two different transformations through oxidation and hydride formation. While at lower temperatures (below 250 degrees C) the degree of pulverization is higher and the experimental evidence of hydride formation is less clear, at higher temperatures the degree of pulverization decreases. The formation of neodymium hydride at higher temperatures prevents further oxidation of the Nd-rich phase due to its high stability.Conference Object Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 1Microstructural Evolution During Homogenization Heat Treatment of Aa 6063 Alloy in Batch and Continuous Furnaces(Springer international Publishing Ag, 2024) Obali, Akin; Gokelma, Mertol; Urk, Deniz Kavrar; Dogan, Murat; Gokce, GokcenHomogenization heat treatment after casting is performed to eliminate the dendritic segregation and coarse eutectic intermetallic phases since they reduce the fracture toughness of aluminium alloys. By the homogenization treatment, ss-AlFeSi can be converted to more spherical alpha-AlFeSi particles. The ss -> a transition is crucial because the ss-AlFeSi particles cause a number of surface defects and limit the extrudability. Also, the rate of cooling in the homogenization furnace is one of the critical influencing factors on the size of the Mg2Si precipitates which affect the mechanical properties positively. In this study, billets of AA 6063 from the same cast were put through homogenization heat treatment by using batch-type and continuous furnaces. The solution, quenching, and aging heat treatment were applied to each sample. Microstructural characterization by SEM and the hardness test were conducted to understand the effects of the furnace type on the mechanical properties of aged AA 6063 aluminium.Conference Object Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 1Assessment of Separation and Agglomerationt Tendency of Non-Metallic Inclusions in an Electromagnetically Stirred Aluminum Melt(Springer international Publishing Ag, 2023) Li, Cong; Dang, Thien; Gokelma, Mertol; Zimmermann, Sebastian; Mitterecker, Jonas; Friedrich, BerndPresence of non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) reduces surface quality and mechanical properties of aluminum products. The development of good NMIs removal practices relies on the understanding of inclusion behaviors with respect to separation and agglomeration particularly in the turbulent flow. In the scenario of electromagnetically induced recirculated turbulent flow, the concerned behaviors of inclusions with different sizes have rarely been investigated experimentally. In the presented study funded by AMAP Open Innovation Research Cluster, reference materials were prepared with uniformly distributed NMIs (SiC and MgAl2O4) via an ultrasoundinvolved casting route. Reference materials were charged into an aluminum melt where turbulent flow was promoted via electromagnetic force. Microscopical analysis shows non-significant agglomeration tendency of SiC, MgAl2O4, and TiB2 inclusion. Time-weight filtration curve, PoDFA, and Spark Spectrometer results suggest a strong dependence of separation rate on particle size. Analytical models were established to estimate the collision rate of particles and to evaluate separation probability of different sized particles.