(Springer Verlag, 2004) Toksoy, Ahmet Kaan; Tanoğlu, Metin; Güden, Mustafa; Hall, Ian W.
Studies of the crushing behavior of closed-cell, aluminum foam-filled aluminum and steel tubes have
shown an interaction effect between tubewall and foam filler [1, 2, 3]. The crushing loads of foam-filled tubes
are, therefore, found to be higher than the sum of the crushing loads of foam (alone) and tube (alone) mainly
due to this effect. Santosa et al. [1], based on FEM results, proposed the following equation for the average
crushing load of foam-filled square tubes of length b,
