Scopus İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu / Scopus Indexed Publications Collection
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/7148
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Article Citation - WoS: 10Citation - Scopus: 10Hydrogeology and Hydrogeochemistry of the Geothermal Systems and Its Direct Use Application: Balçova-Narlıdere Geothermal System, İzmir, Turkey(Elsevier, 2022) Baba, Alper; Sözbilir, Hasan; Sayık, Tolga; Arslan, Sinan; Uzelli, Taygun; Tonkul, Serhat; Demir, Mustafa MuammerThe Balçova-Narlıdere geothermal system, located in western Turkey, is an extensional domain type geothermal play. Geological, hydrogeological, and geothermal studies have been done in the Balçova-Narlıdere geothermal field since 1960. As a result of these studies, production and research wells were drilled in the area by both the public and private sectors. Of the 37 wells drilled in the Balçova-Narlıdere geothermal field, 26 were drilled by İzmir Geothermal Energy Company Inc. (16 productions, 4 re-injection, 4 gradientst, 2 unused) and 11 by the İzmir Governorship Investment Monitoring and Coordination Department and companies in the private sectors. There are two reservoirs, one shallow and one deep, in the geothermal field. Well depths are less than 200 m in the shallow reservoir. The deep production wells have depths ranging from 400 to 1,100 m and reservoir temperatures reaching 140 °C. The electrical conductivity (EC) values in the shallow production wells range from 1,200 to 1,500 µS/cm. EC values in the deep production wells vary from 1,871 to 2,025 µS/cm, and all geothermal fluids in the field are mineral-rich waters. In the İzmir geothermal district heating system, the newest technologies are used, and operational costs are very low. İzmir Geothermal Energy Company Inc. has been operating since 1996 and has reached 38,460 residences. The current capacity of the system is approximately 160 MWt. Cooling systems continue to spread in Turkey, focusing on electric air conditioning systems and geothermal heating systems, but both economic and applicability problems have slowed the expansion of cooling systems. However, İzmir Geothermal Energy Company Inc. began operating its first geothermal cooling application in Balçova in 2018, cooling 1,900 m2 of the indoor area by lithium bromide absorption and 90/85 °C geothermal temperature regime by supplying 6/9 °C clean cold water to the coolers in the buildings. These results show that the extensional domain type geothermal system in the Balçova-Narlıdere region is suitable for both heating and cooling applicationsArticle Citation - WoS: 4Citation - Scopus: 15Effects of Seismic Activity on Groundwater Level and Geothermal Systems in İzmir, Western Anatolia, Turkey: the Case Study From October 30, 2020 Samos Earthquake(TÜBİTAK - Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, 2021) Uzelli, Taygun; Bilgiç, Esra; Öztürk, Bahadır; Baba, Alper; Sözbilir, Hasan; Tatar, OrhanThe October 30, 2020 Samos earthquake (Mw 6.6) affected the Aegean Sea and environs, caused destruction and loss of life in the city of İzmir located 70 km away from the earthquake epicenter. Before this earthquake, water resources were monitored in the areas of Bayraklı, Gülbahçe, and Seferihisar. For this purpose, 10 groundwater monitoring wells were drilled in the Bayraklı area, where groundwater level, temperature, and electrical conductivity changes were monitored at 1-h intervals in 5 wells. Besides physical parameters such as groundwater levels, temperatures and electrical conductivities, hydrogeochemical cations, and anions measured in the study area. Change in the groundwater levels was observed before, during, and after the Samos earthquake. A trend of rising groundwater level was observed two days before the mainshock, to a height of 10 cm, and the level was maintained till the end of the earthquake. The water levels returned to its original height after about 7 to 10 days of the earthquake. Moreover, electrical conductivity (EC) values were changed because of the interaction with the surrounding rocks and well walls, mixing with different waters during the earthquake shaking. The essential anomalies were observed in the geothermal fields of Gülbahçe and Seferihisar. Due to this earthquake, new geothermal springs emerged along the NE-SW trending Gülbahçe and Tuzla faults, located about 50 to 20 km from the Samos earthquake epicenter, respectively. The new geothermal waters are in Na-Cl composition and similar to other geothermal springs in the region. While the recorded water temperatures in the new geothermal springs vary from 40 to 45 °C in Seferihisar, it was measured between 35 and 40 °C in Gülbahçe. Due to these anomalies, it is found essential to monitor the effect of the earthquake on the physical and chemical characteristics of the groundwater and its usefulness in earthquake predictions.Article Citation - WoS: 32Citation - Scopus: 35Distribution of Geothermal Arsenic in Relation To Geothermal Play Types: a Global Review and Case Study From the Anatolian Plate (turkey)(Elsevier, 2021) Baba, Alper; Uzelli, Taygun; Sözbilir, HasanArsenic has a natural cycle as it travels underground. It can mix with geothermal fluid in different ways under the control of magmatic and tectonic processes. Geogenic arsenic is present in many geothermal fields in the world at concentrations above the limits set for human health. The arsenic content of geothermal fluids is also related to the concept of geothermal play type, which forms geothermal systems, because the natural processes that form the geothermal system also control the arsenic cycle. In this study, an attempt is made to explain the relationship between the geothermal play type concept and geothermal arsenic circulation. For this purpose, geothermal field examples are given from around the world and Turkey. The result shows that arsenic concentrations can reach significant levels along with plate tectonic boundaries in the world. When arsenic concentrations were evaluated, the effect of major faults on the Anatolian Plate was clearly seen. Also, in the Anatolian plate where volcanosedimentary units are common, geothermal fluids caused more effective alteration along with structural control and increased arsenic concentrations in geothermal systems. This interaction between structural elements, geothermal fluid, and the arsenic cycle shows that the concept of play type in geothermal systems should also be taken into consideration. It was determined that the places with high arsenic values are located within the convective-non-magmatic extensional geothermal play types such as Western Anatolian Extensional System and the North Anatolian Fault. The concept of play type in geothermal systems includes all systematic and external factors that make up these processes. For this reason, it is very important to evaluate the play type classification together with the arsenic cycle.Article Citation - WoS: 20Citation - Scopus: 22Modeling of Seawater Intrusion in a Coastal Aquifer of Karaburun Peninsula, Western Turkey(Springer Verlag, 2017) Mansour, Ahmed Y. S.; Baba, Alper; Gündüz, Orhan; Şimşek, Celalettin; Elçi, Alper; Murathan, Alim; Sözbilir, HasanSeawater intrusion is a major problem to freshwater resources especially in coastal areas where fresh groundwater is surrounded and could be easily influenced by seawater. This study presents the development of a conceptual and numerical model for the coastal aquifer of Karareis region (Karaburun Peninsula) in the western part of Turkey. The study also presents the interpretation and the analysis of the time series data of groundwater levels recorded by data loggers. The SEAWAT model is used in this study to solve the density-dependent flow field and seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifer that is under excessive pumping particularly during summer months. The model was calibrated using the average values of a 1-year dataset and further verified by the average values of another year. Five potential scenarios were analyzed to understand the effects of pumping and climate change on groundwater levels and the extent of seawater intrusion in the next 10 years. The result of the analysis demonstrated high levels of electrical conductivity and chloride along the coastal part of the study area. As a result of the numerical model, seawater intrusion is simulated to move about 420 m toward the land in the next 10 years under “increased pumping” scenario, while a slight change in water level and TDS concentrations was observed in “climate change” scenario. Results also revealed that a reduction in the pumping rate from Karareis wells will be necessary to protect fresh groundwater from contamination by seawater.Article Citation - WoS: 26Citation - Scopus: 25Conceptual Model of the Gülbahçe Geothermal System, Western Anatolia, Turkey: Based on Structural and Hydrogeochemical Data(Elsevier Ltd., 2017) Uzelli, Taygun; Baba, Alper; Mungan, Gamze Gül; Dirik, Ramazan Kadir; Sözbilir, HasanThe Gülbahçe Geothermal Field is located on the eastern margin of the Karaburun Peninsula, about 45 km from the city of İzmir, western Anatolia, Turkey. The stratigraphy of the study area is represented by a Miocene volcano-sedimentary succession, including several sedimentary and volcanic units. These units overlie the basement rocks of the Karaburun Platform and Bornova Flysch Zone which consist of sandstones, shales and carbonate blocks. These rock units are cut and deformed by a series of NW-SE- to NE-SW-trending faults, extending from Sığacık Bay to Gülbahçe Bay. Structural studies suggest that while most of the geothermal systems in western Anatolia are controlled by normal faults, the geothermal system at Gülbahçe is controlled by a strike-slip dominated shear zone, previously named the İzmir-Balıkesir Transfer Zone. Along the fault zone, associations of active fault segments accommodate deep circulation of hydrothermally modified sea water, and thus the resulting negative flower structure is the primary control mechanism for the geothermal system. Hydrogeochemical properties of the field show that surface temperature of fluid ranges from 30 to 34 °C. Geothermal fluids in Gülbahçe have high salinity (EC > 34 mS/cm) and low enthalpy. Piper and Schoeller diagrams indicate that geothermal fluid is in the NaCl facies. Chemical geothermometers suggest that the reservoir temperature is around 53–136 °C. The isotopic data (oxygen-18, deuterium and tritium) suggest that geothermal fluids are formed by local recharge and deep circulation of sea water.Conference Object Citation - Scopus: 4High Arsenic Levels in Groundwater Resources of Gediz Graben, Western Turkey(CRC Press, 2016) Baba, Alper; Gündüz, Orhan; Şimşek, Celalettin; Elçi, Alper; Sözbilir, Hasan; Murathan, AlimGediz Graben situated in western Turkey is an area containing extensional structures with active tectonics and geothermal systems that serves as a suitable environment for the presence of high levels of arsenic (As) in groundwater. The results of a comprehensive monitoring program in the basin revealed that the maximum As concentration detected during the monitoring program was 3086 ppb and the average value was calculated to be 23.63 ppb. In addition, As levels in 28% of the water samples were above the 10 ppb limit value making them unsuitable for drinking water supply. These high As concentrations in the basin was mostly associated with long detention times of water in altered rocks located along detachment faults, strong water–rock interaction processes in the alteration zones and anthropogenic influences made within the geothermal fluid reservoir. © 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, London.Article Citation - WoS: 83Citation - Scopus: 92Source of Arsenic Based on Geological and Hydrogeochemical Properties of Geothermal Systems in Western Turkey(Elsevier Ltd., 2012) Baba, Alper; Sözbilir, HasanTurkey is an area of complex geology with active tectonics and high geothermal potential. Especially, the western part of Turkey is a region of abundant geothermal activity. Faults accommodating the deep circulation of hydrothermal fluids of meteoric origin are the primary means by which of geothermal systems are controlled in this region. Many of the thermal activities are related to the improved dilation on the ~E-W-strikes of the graben faults. This situation serves as a suitable environment for the presence of high levels of arsenic in geothermal water resources. The highest concentrations of naturally occurring aqueous arsenic (As) are found in certain types of geothermal waters, generally those related to major graben faults. In this regard, high arsenic concentrations in geothermal resources have been detected in Western Turkey, including but not limited to Biga Peninsulla, Gediz Graben, Kucuk, and Buyuk Menderes Graben with values ranging from 1 to 1419ppb in geothermal fluids. The thermal waters have surface temperatures of up to 100°C and reservoir temperatures range from 150 to 248°C in the Menderes Graben, from 120 to 287°C in the Gediz Graben, and from 153 to 174°C in Biga Peninsula. Hydrogeochemically, the Menderes graben and Gediz Graben thermal waters are of the Na-HCO3, Ca-HCO3, and Na-SO4 types, whereas some geothermal fluids such as those of Tuzla and Kestanbol in the Biga Peninsula, Çeşme, and Urla are of the Na-Cl type.