Scopus İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu / Scopus Indexed Publications Collection

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/7148

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  • Article
    Byzantine Wall Paintings in the Archaeological Sites of Aigai, Olympos, and Anaia (Turkey): Techniques and Material Characteristics
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025) Şerifaki, K.; Böke, H.
    The aim of this study is to determine the material characteristics of the paint layers and techniques of paintings executed in Late Roman and Byzantine churches located in the archaeological sites of Aigai, Olympos, and Anaia (Turkey) in order to select compatible materials prior to conservation treatments of the paintings and to establish the technical aspects of the paintings in relation to coeval Western examples. In this context, the execution technique, microchemical characteristics, stratigraphy of paintings, and mineralogical and chemical composition of the pigments were determined by polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The analysis results indicated that wall paintings were executed by fresco, secco or fresco-secco techniques on a thin plaster layer that is composed of pure lime, straw, fine marble, brick, and sand aggregates. The ground layers of the paintings are composed of kaolin, calcite, and carbon black. The color compositions of the paintings were obtained by applying successive layers of paint on the ground layers. The pigments used in the paintings are mainly iron oxides for the red and yellow, green earth in celadonite and glauconite forms for greens, and lapis lazuli and Egyptian blue for blues. The present study demonstrates that the techniques and materials employed in the execution of wall paintings in Byzantine churches in Western Anatolia are analogous to those utilized in the Balkans, Crete, and Cyprus, with the exception of the presence of a clay-based ground. © The International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works 2025.
  • Article
    Citation - WoS: 8
    Citation - Scopus: 10
    Interior Plastering of Ottoman Bath Buildings
    (Elsevier Ltd., 2019) İpekci, Emre; Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; Böke, Hasan
    Ottoman baths were peculiar buildings with their function in community life, architectural characteristics and material use. Their interior spaces were exposed to high humidity and temperatures that made the building structure vulnerable to physical, chemical, physicochemical and biological degradations. Plasters used on the interior wall surfaces were the most important agents to protect the structure from deterioration and provide durability. This study aims to exhibit the plaster characteristics of Çinili Bath in İstanbul which was an outstanding example of Ottoman baths and built by Great Architect Sinan. Basic physical properties, raw material compositions, mineralogical, microstructural and hydraulic properties of original brick-lime plasters called as horasan (khorasan) plasters used on the walls were determined by XRF, XRD, SEM-EDS and TGA. Multilayered plaster application together with the use of glazed tiles were observed on the wall surfaces of all interior spaces. The plasters were produced from pure lime and pozzolanic crushed brick or tile aggregates and hydraulic because of the pozzolanic properties of aggregates. They are stiff, compact and durable in hot and humid conditions of bath buildings due to their self-healing properties and the formation of calcium silicate hydrates and calcium aluminate hydrates at the lime-brick interfaces and in the pores of the pozzolanic brick aggregates by the reaction of lime. Characteristics of brick aggregates were compared with the construction bricks used in the building. Their chemical and mineralogical compositions revealed that the aggregates had not been produced from construction bricks. All the results indicated that brick-lime plasters were the most suitable materials for bath buildings to protect the structure from the effect of water. © 2019 The Authors
  • Article
    Citation - WoS: 50
    Citation - Scopus: 51
    The Use of Brick-Lime Plasters and Their Relevance To Climatic Conditions of Historic Bath Buildings
    (Elsevier Ltd., 2009) Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; Böke, Hasan
    Brick-lime mortars and plasters have been widely used as water-proof materials in aqueducts, bridges and cisterns since early Hellenistic time. In this study, the characteristics of brick-lime plasters used in some Ottoman bath buildings were investigated in order to understand their relevance as plasters in hot and humid environmental conditions of the baths. For this purpose, basic physical properties, raw material compositions, mineralogical, microstructural and hydraulic properties of brick-lime plasters of some historic bath buildings in İzmir (Turkey) were determined by XRD, SEM-EDX, AFM and chemical analyses. The results indicated that their survival without loosing their strength and adhesion in hot and humid conditions of the baths was explained by their hydraulic characters due to the consciously use of porous and pozzolanic crushed bricks as aggregate in the manufacturing of plasters.