Scopus İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu / Scopus Indexed Publications Collection
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/7148
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Article Citation - Scopus: 3Resurgent Dome and Super-Hot Enhanced Geothermal System: the Sahinkalesi Massif Within the Hasandag Stratovolcanic Province, Central Anatolia, Turkey(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Chandrasekharam,D.; Singh,M.; Baba,A.; Sass,I.The Sahinkalesi, a volcanic dome located NNE of Hasandağ, Türkiye exhibits anomalous heat flow value, geothermal gradient and the Curie point depth is located at very shallow depth in this region. Our investigation indicates presence of super-critical thermal regime (378°C) at about 4 km depth and the MT analysis indicate shallow magma chamber at about 5 km depth. The crust is relatively thin below this region with the low-velocity region located at depth of about 36 km. Thermo-Hydro-mechanical model investigation has been carried out using finite element discretization technique. For faulted zone reservoir models, 30 years of geothermal energy exploitation does not cause thermal breakthrough for mass flow rates up to 500 kg/s, however, the mean stress developed in the reservoir becomes much larger and may be unsustainable for the reservoir stability. To ensure the success of a fractured reservoir model, the use of multiple wellbores is recommended. In the case of a closed-loop geothermal system, the primary concern is the control of thermoelastic stress. This can be achieved either by increasing the wellbore depth while reducing the injection mass flow rate, or by extending the wellbore's horizontal component. The outlet temperature in both the cases maintained at 275°C. This is the first time a superhot EGS site has been identified in Türkiye. © 2024 The Author(s)Article Citation - WoS: 21Citation - Scopus: 23Lithium: an Energy Transition Element, Its Role in the Future Energy Demand and Carbon Emissions Mitigation Strategy(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Chandrasekharam,D.; Şener,M.F.; Recepoğlu,Y.K.; Isık,T.; Demir,M.M.; Baba,A.Energy transition elements (Li, Ni, Co, Fe, Cu) are gaining importance due to their ability to provide energy and play an important role as primary energy sources. Because of the energy density and power density, Li-ion batteries have the edge over other batteries. Li is distributed in various rock-forming minerals and brines, and geothermal waters. Though lithium-bearing minerals are spread over a broad geographic region, these minerals are confined to certain countries with substantial economic potential. Li is extensively used in batteries, and battery-driven vehicles are growing exponentially to meet the carbon reduction goal of the Paris agreement in 2015 and signed by more than 50 percent of the countries. Nearly 55 million cars supported by Li batteries are expected to roll out by 2030. While this is the demand, its occurrence and concentration/extraction processes are not keeping pace with this demand. The extraction of Li from its ore is an energy-intensive process involving many fossil fuel-based energies. To recover one ton of Li metal, nearly 5 to 6 tons of CO2 is emitted. The CO2 emissions of 28 kWh LFP, NMC, and LMO batteries vary from 5600 to 2705 kg CO2-eq. The end-of-life emissions of an internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle are 400 kg CO2/vehicle, while Li Battery supports 500 kg/vehicle. The quantity of Li required for a 24 kWh average capacity leaf battery is about 137 g/kWh. While emissions are associated with the manufacturing of the batteries, emissions are also associated with a way that while they are recharged as the recharging source is fossil fuel-based energy. The best option to meet zero net carbon emissions by 2050, as envisaged by International Energy Agency (IEA), is to recover Li from geothermal brines and use geothermal energy for recharging. While hydrothermal energy sources are site-specific, enhanced geothermal system (EGS) based geothermal energy is not site-specific and is found wherever high radiogenic granites are available. High radiogenic granites are widely distributed, and heat recovered from EGS sources can provide clean energy and heat. Extraction of lithium from geothermal waters and using geothermal energy for recharging the batteries will drastically reduce CO2 emissions. It will drive the world towards Net Zero Emissions (NZE) scenario in the future. This is being practiced in Turkey. Future research should develop technology to recover Li from geothermal fluids with low concentration and support EGS development. © 2024 Elsevier LtdArticle Citation - WoS: 2Citation - Scopus: 1A Review of the Geothermal System Evolution and Distribution in the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex (türkiye)(TUBITAK, 2023) Şener, M.F.; Öztürk, M.Z.; Baba, A.Türkiye is located in the Mediterranean sector of the Alpine–Himalayan tectonic belt and is among the foremost seven countries in the world having an abundance of geothermal resources. The Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex (CACC) is one of the most important geothermal regions in Türkiye. This study aims to evaluate the geothermal system of CACC using the geological, structural, and hydrogeochemical properties that were obtained from previous studies. The present study investigated and evaluated the hydrogeochemical and isotopic properties of 762 water samples belonging to 45 different localities from 41 scientific studies. The result shows that CACC has different heat sources and different hydrogeochemical processes. Major element chemistry of the water reveals that the geothermal fluids are mostly of the Ca-Mg-HCO3, Na-Cl-HCO3, and Ca-Cl water types. Silica geothermometers suggest that the reservoir temperature ranges from 48 to 180 °C. Based on the δ18O-δD relationship, water samples have a high-altitude meteoric origin. Stable isotopic data indicate that the geothermal fluids are formed by local recharge and deep circulation of meteoric waters. © TÜBİTAK.Article Citation - WoS: 29Citation - Scopus: 40Geothermal Resources for Sustainable Development: a Case Study(Wiley, 2022) Baba, Alper; Chandrasekharam, DornadulaTurkey's primary energy source is fossil fuels, with a contribution of 55%. According to the International Energy Agency forecast, fossil fuels will continue to be the primary energy source for the next decade. The current CO2 emissions from fossil fuel-based energy are 400 Mt. If the present energy usage trend continues, then the emissions will cross 500 Mt by 2030. However, Turkey has large scope to mitigate climate-related issues and follow sustainable development agenda by increasing the share of geothermal energy as a primary energy source mix. The country established a strong geothermal energy program in 1984 by installing a 17 MWe geothermal power plant in Kızıldere and made tremendous progress in this field. Currently, the power generation has crossed 1665 MWe. Turkey has drawn a new road map to enhance its primary energy source mix by developing its radiogenic granites (Enhanced Geothermal Systems) for power generation and carbon dioxide capture programs. This is an emerging technology that is being recommended for Turkey. Currently, France, Australia, and the United Kingdom are surging ahead in implementing Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), and France has established a pilot power plant using EGS and generating 10 MWe. The United Kingdom will be starting its 3 MWe power plant. The hydrothermal source, in combination with Enhanced Geothermal Systems, can contain the annual CO2 emissions to 500 Mt and reduce the per-capita CO2 emissions to 4.5 tons annually. One of the greatest contributions to climate mitigation and sustainable development made by the geothermal industry is the sequestration of CO2 from the Kızıldere geothermal power plant for the manufacturıng of dry ice and use CO2 from the Tuzla geothermal power plant for minimizing scaling. This dry ice technology can be extended to the cement industry to capture 18 billion CO2 being emitted annually from clinker manufacturıng units. The dry ice will be useful in combating forest fires that are common in Turkey. The article discusses the new technological developments that Turkey is adopting to mitigate climate change and achieve sustainable development goals.