Scopus İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu / Scopus Indexed Publications Collection
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/7148
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Article Seismic Risk Prioritization of Stone Masonry Building Stock in Urla Peninsula Based on Rapid Assessment Techniques(Turkish Chamber of Civil Engineers, 2026) Karavin, Y.S.; Akdag, N.; Demir, U.This study aims to investigate seismic risk of stone masonry buildings in the Urla Peninsula, a region of historical and architectural significance within İzmir, Türkiye. A total of 100 stone masonry buildings were surveyed and documented with a focus on their architectural characteristics, including construction techniques, material types, structural configurations, and age. Data on the properties of all surveyed buildings are provided in an open-access database. Based on the survey, multiple rapid seismic performance assessment methods were applied to evaluate the vulnerability of these structures. These included: i) FEMA P-154 Rapid Visual Screening, ii) Provisions for the Seismic Risk Evaluation of Existing Buildings under Urban Renewal Law (RBTE-2019), iii) Seismic Vulnerability Index for Vernacular Architecture (SVIVA), and iv) the Masonry Quality Index (MQI). The comparative use of different methods is intended to investigate the relative influence of parameters shaping the seismic performance of the masonry building stock rather than to align their scores. The outcomes of this research are expected to contribute to the current risk mitigation efforts for stone masonry buildings in İzmir, thereby supporting regional seismic resilience planning. © 2026, Turkish Chamber of Civil Engineers. All rights reserved.Article Citation - WoS: 2Citation - Scopus: 2Experimental Integration of Stone Topologies To the Simplified Micro-Modeling for the Seismic Response of Masonry Walls: a Novel Insight(Springer Heidelberg, 2025) Demir, UgurThis study aims to explore the impact of stone typologies on the in-plane seismic behavior of stone masonry buildings. The present study aims to quantify the strength and deformability parameters such as lateral load capacity, ductility, energy dissipation capacity and stiffness degradation of frequently used sandstone and limestone masonry, which will intentionally contribute to the core body of knowledge on their original structural design, seismic safety evaluation and intervention design. The innovative aspect of this research lies in the holistic methodology that integrates field surveys to classify local stone masonry units, experimental characterization of the chemical and mechanical properties of these units to capture variability, and finite element modeling of the in-plane cyclic behavior of stone masonry walls using experimental data. A novel simplified micro-modeling approach is implemented within a standard finite element software, eliminating the need for user-defined subroutines. This approach significantly reduces computational efforts compared to conventional methods, making it particularly suitable for analyzing large-scale stone masonry structures. The study investigates the impact of chemical composition (sandstone or limestone), applied axial stress (0.25 MPa, 0.50 MPa, or 1 MPa), and wall aspect ratios (height-to-length ratios of 1.0 or 1.5) on wall performance. The modeling approach is validated against experimental results from the literature, demonstrating good agreement. Finally, the study assesses wall performance in terms of deformation limits in current seismic codes. The findings provide critical insights for developing innovative design strategies to enhance the structural integrity of stone masonry walls and improve the seismic assessment of existing structures.Article Citation - WoS: 5Citation - Scopus: 5Estimation of Settlement-Induced Damage in Masonry Buildings From Displacement Measurements(Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd, 2025) Liu, Yiyan; Burd, Harvey; Gulen, Derya Burcu; Dalgic, Korhan Deniz; Gilson, Ben; Ilki, Alper; Acikgoz, SinanIn current engineering practice, building damage due to nearby ground excavation activities is typically quantified by processing displacement measurements. Building displacements at discrete points are used to determine deflection measures (such as angular distortion) which are then employed to estimate building strains using elastic beam models; damage is subsequently categorised according to the limiting tensile strain criteria. The reliability of this procedure relies on the extent to which the equivalent beam models employed in the analysis provide a realistic representation of the building behaviour. However, few published investigations are available on this issue. The current paper provides an appraisal of displacement-based building damage estimation techniques by employing digital image correlation displacement data collected from a recent experimental campaign on the settlement response of three half-scale masonry buildings. The results demonstrate that the treatment of buildings with equivalent beam models does not capture building deformation kinematics, potentially leading to inaccurate estimations of damage severity and location. An alternative strain interpretation procedure, inspired by an equivalent frame idealisation of a building fa & ccedil;ade with openings, is proposed. This procedure, which uses a limited number of displacement measurements, offers a robust interpretation of strains. Its effectiveness in estimating damage is assessed through experimental data. It is demonstrated that the current limiting tensile strain criteria need to be modified to provide a reliable estimation of crack widths when using the equivalent frame idealisation.Article Citation - WoS: 13Citation - Scopus: 14Damage To Monumental Masonry Buildings in Hatay and Osmaniye Following the 2023 Turkey Earthquake Sequence: the Role of Wall Geometry, Construction Quality, and Material Properties(SAGE Publications Inc., 2024) Bozyigit,B.; Ozdemir,A.; Donmez,K.; Dalgic,K.D.; Durgut,E.; Yesilyurt,C.; Acikgoz,S.This article reports on the findings of an investigation on 29 historic stone masonry buildings located in the cities of Hatay and Osmaniye following the 2023 Turkey earthquake sequence. The earthquake couplet on 6 February (with moment magnitudes 7.8 and 7.5) and the following events (including another earthquake which occurred on 20 February with a moment magnitude of 6.3) resulted in significant damage to the buildings. To understand why, the examined buildings were assigned an EMS-98 damage level (ranging from 1 to 5) and descriptive response categories (masonry disaggregation, local mechanism, and global response). Overall damage statistics indicated that masonry disaggregation was common and coterminous with local mechanism response. Wall geometry and construction quality indices were then investigated to explore why these were the dominant damage mechanisms. Wall geometry indices highlighted insufficient amount of walls to resist the local seismic demands, particularly in the transverse (e.g. short) direction of buildings. This deficit promoted the formation of local mechanisms. Construction quality indices suggested that stone layouts did not enable interlocking and that the walls were prone to disaggregation. To further investigate the role of material properties on the observed damage, materials were characterized using three non-destructive testing techniques: ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) measurements to estimate the static elastic modulus of stones, Schmidt rebound hammer (SRH) tests to estimate the compressive strength of stones, and the mortar penetrometer (MP) tests to estimate the compressive strength of mortar. The measurements indicated poor mortar quality, which may have expedited failures. Using established correlations, various other important material parameters (e.g. mortar cohesion and homogenized masonry strength) are derived. It is envisioned that the damage observations and the material measurements in this article will inform detailed modeling efforts on the behavior of historic masonry buildings during the earthquakes. © The Author(s) 2024.Article Citation - WoS: 10Citation - Scopus: 14Out-Of Seismic Performance of Bed-Joint Reinforced Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (aac) Infill Walls Damaged Under Cyclic In-Plane Displacement Reversals(Elsevier, 2023) Halıcı, Ömer Faruk; Demir, Uğur; Zabbar, Yassin; İlki, AlperThe infill walls made of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC), which is a lightweight, fire resistant and energy efficient material, provide effective insulation solutions for building types of structures and becoming more and more popular in earthquake prone regions. Although the number of experimental tests examining the seismic response of clay brick infills is extensive, the amount of prior research on infill walls built of AAC blocks is rather limited. Past research revealed that the use of bed-joint reinforcement is one of the promising solutions to improve the global seismic response of masonry walls by enhancing strength and displacement capacity. In this study, the out-of-plane (OOP) seismic performance of AAC infill walls with flat-truss and innovative cord-type bed-joint reinforcement is experimentally evaluated. Also, consideration is given to the prior in-plane (IP) damage, which was found to degrade the seismic performance of infills in OOP direction. For this purpose, three IP and four OOP, in total, seven experimental tests were performed on four full-scale AAC infill wall specimens. The test parameters were selected in such a way as to make it possible to parametrically compare the OOP performance of AAC infills with flat-truss and cord-type bed-joint reinforcements with unreinforced AAC infill walls, together with the effect of prior IP damage on the OOP response of unreinforced AAC infill walls. It was found that the use of innovative cord-type bed-joint reinforcement improved the OOP strength to a similar extent to what was obtained from the truss-type reinforced specimen. In terms of ultimate displacement and energy dissipation capacity enhancement, the specimen with cord-type reinforcement performed better. In addition, the damages formed due to IP cyclic displacement reversals up to 0.005 drift ratio, which is defined as the drift limit for buildings with brittle infill walls in certain design codes, resulted in a significant reduction in the OOP strength and stiffness properties of AAC infills. The theoretical OOP strength calculations were found to provide unconservative strength values for the IP-damaged specimens.Article Citation - WoS: 8Citation - Scopus: 13Masonry Buildings Subjected To Settlements: Half-Scale Testing, Detailed Measurements, and Insights Into Behaviour(Elsevier, 2023) Dalgıç, Korhan Deniz; Gülen, Burcu; Liu, Yiyan; Açıkgöz, Sinan; Burd, Harvey; Maraşlı, Muhammed; İlki, AlperIndustry procedures to assess the risk of settlement-induced damage to masonry buildings ignore key aspects of the problem, such as the influences of building weight, façade openings, and floor structures. Experimental data are needed to characterise the influence of these aspects on damage. This paper describes tests on three brick masonry half-scale building models subjected to settlements. The use of scaling rules in choosing the model materials and kentledge, the settlement apparatus, and the cross-validation of displacement and strain measurements are presented. Comparative evaluation of building responses show that: (i) the distribution of building weight and the resulting in-situ stresses play a key role in determining compliance to settlements, (ii) openings make the structure vulnerable to cracking and (iii) floor slabs stiffen and strengthen the building and prevent the formation of damage in the upper floors, leading to a concentration of damage at the ground storey.Article Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 2Consolidation of a Bath Ruin in an Archaeological Site(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2022) Durmuşlar, Feyza; Turan, Mine; Yücetürk, Kutay; Aktaş, EnginThe study has focused on consolidation of a historical bath ruin in an archaeological site. Cevher Pasa Bath, which is located in Tabae archaeological site in Denizli, Turkey and dated to the 15th century, presents structural problems. The aim of the study is to propose a framework for planning consolidation of the ruins of Cevher Pasa Bath so that conservation work regarding similar masonry ruins in archaeological sites can be guided. Thus, methods of architectural restoration and civil engineering are combined in an interdisciplinary scope. Provision of temporary shoring as an emergency intervention, consolidation and presentation of the ruin within the scope of an interdisciplinary restoration project, and monitoring of the asset within the frame of a monument management plan are suggested, respectively. Structural analysis considering stress and overturning moment checks are performed. Consolidation work includes only supporting of arch remains. Some walls of the ruin are weaker than other parts. These parts need further detailed analysis, and if necessary, further consolidation and strengthening are to be carried out. The monument management plan points out the necessity of collaboration of local and central administrations, and also non-governmental organisations.Article Construction Techniques of Hayat Houses: Two Case Studies in the Vicinity of Izmir(American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2019) Turan, Mine; Aktaş, Engin; Mamaklı, Fatma Sezgi; Kaplan, ZişanThis study aims to contribute to the analytic studies on constructional aspects of the hayat house typology with an eye on its historical evolution for conservation purposes. The method used included a review of the surviving examples of the typology in Izmir and its vicinity and the selection of two intact examples whose structural components are legible: one from the earliest period and the other from the latest period. The examples selected are Kerimaga Konagi in Birgi, odemis, Izmir and a house in Kirkagac, Soma, Manisa. The early example (probably eighteenth century, constructed over the remains of an older house) sustains the traditional box system in its wooden upper story that integrates with the roof. The provision of level differences on the upper floor, the traditional relationship of the sitting level-window design, and masonry base are its authentic features. The late example (probably early twentieth century) presents signs of modernization, such as the establishment of a systematic wooden roof and wall frames in relation to each other, lack of diagonals in the perpendicular wall frame, avoidance of projections, and relatively elongated windows placed at higher positions.Article Citation - WoS: 11Citation - Scopus: 10Assessment of Construction Techniques and Material Usage in Izmir Rural Houses(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2015) Tunçoku, Selim Sarp; İnceköse, Ülkü; Akış, Tonguç; Yalçın, Mehmet AliThe domestic architecture in the rural villages of ̄zmir comprises a unique built environment with their masonry wall textures, semi-open sofas, round tiled-hipped roofs, and chimneys, and represents an important part of the cultural and architectural heritage. This assessment is mainly based on field observations that focus on the architectural and structural layout of intact, damaged, and destroyed houses. During field observation and the analysis of data certain plan typologies and relationships between the geological formations of the region and choice of materials and construction techniques were observed. While load-bearing masonry and timber skeleton systems are common, extensive use of timber laces, stone, and fired or adobe brick masonry with mud mortar and timber frames infilled with masonry materials were frequently seen. Generally, round timber elements such as wall plates, laces, lintels, posts, and frames of flooring systems are used. Architectural degenerations in authentic houses, defective details and partially due to the earthquake-prone nature of the region seismicity have been evaluated. An overall approach for the preservation and sustainability of this heritage is suggested.