Scopus İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu / Scopus Indexed Publications Collection
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Book Part Lessons From the 2023 Southeast Türkiye Earthquakes: A Study on Damaged RC Buildings Considering the Hassan Index(International Association for Earthquake Engineering, 2024) Dönmez, C.; Dowgala, J.; Eryimaz-Yildirim, M.; Güllü, M.F.; Iturburu, L.; Koroglu, F.B.; Speicher, M.S.A survey was conducted across 10 cities in Southeast Türkiye to classify damage in 242 reinforced concrete (RC) buildings constructed in the last 15 years, ranging from 2 to 16 stories. The ‘robustness’ of these buildings was quantified using ratios of cross-sectional areas of vertical elements (walls and columns) to floor-plan areas. The results are compared with similar measures obtained for buildings in Erzincan and Duzce (Türkiye) and buildings in Chile and Japan as well. These comparisons suggest that excessive drift was one of the primary causes of the widespread damage in RC buildings across the cities surveyed, from Antakya to Malatya. Drift a) exposed a myriad of defects in structural layouts and reinforcing detailing, b) caused nearly destruction of partitions and other non-structural building components (leading to disruptions of functionality even in the absence of structural damage), and c) induced instability even in structures with better detailing. In contrast, stiff (albeit uncommon) structures with abundant and well-distributed structural walls had lower drifts and performed well. Except for sporadic failures in details placed at critical locations, those structures are still in use and should serve as models for reconstruction. © 2024, International Association for Earthquake Engineering. All rights reserved.Book Part A Novel Approach for Addressing Interstory Drift Concentrations in Eccentrically Braced Frames(International Association for Earthquake Engineering, 2024) Comlekoglu, H.G.; Dönmez, C.Drift concentrations under seismic demands are accepted to be a natural phenomenon by the profession. In typical steel eccentrically braced frame (EBF) design, drift concentrations cause systems to reach their material limits at lower roof drift ratios and plastic link beam rotations to exceed permissible limits. As an attempt to demonstrate that concentrations are not natural, but rather the result of the design decisions, an algorithm to modify the drift distribution in EBFs has been developed. The developed method uses an iterative post-processing algorithm to manipulate the post-elastic modal vectors of the EBFs for distributing the interstory drift ratios uniformly and mitigating the possible drift concentrations. The algorithm proved to be effective in both design-basis earthquake (DBE) and maximum considered earthquake (MCE) demands. The initial verifications have been done through sensitivity analyses of various types of EBFs by nonlinear time-history analyses. The parameters considered are the number of stories (representing low-and mid-rise EBFs), the link length to bay width ratios (e/L), and the first story height to typical story height ratios. Results obtained demonstrated that the story shear distribution of the revised frames, which exhibited well-distributed interstory drifts, had consistent shapes markedly different from the distributions of equivalent lateral force procedures. Furthermore, base shear capacity is observed to be an important metric to be considered during the design stages. The algorithm is demonstrated by a benchmark building selected from the literature. The seismic performance of the building is enhanced through the utilization of the developed algorithm, and the outcomes are evaluated with respect to the designated metrics. The initial and ongoing observations based on the sensitivity analyses indicate the potential contributions of the developed algorithm to the efficient design of EBFs. © 2024, International Association for Earthquake Engineering. All rights reserved.Book Part A Detailed Damage Survey on Reinforced Concrete Buildings in 2023 Turkey Earthquake(International Association for Earthquake Engineering, 2024) Raouffard, M.M.; Asai, T.; Tajiri, S.; Sugimoto, K.; Kusunoki, K.; Dogan, F.; Çinar, T.Following the strong consecutive earthquakes in Turkey on February 6th, 2023, a damage reconnaissance team coordinated with the Architectural Institute of Japan consisting of several groups, together with an expert Turkish team, was dispatched to the earthquake-hit area. In total, 25 reinforced concrete (RC) buildings in Malatya, Adiyaman, Kahramanmaras, Gaziantep, and Hatay provinces were inspected in a five-day mission. The main interest of this article is to report the details of the damage investigation of six of the surveyed buildings. The selected buildings were constructed after the year 2000, which is a critical date for the Turkish construction industry because of the revision of building codes and, thereby, significant changes in the quality of construction. The revisions to the Turkish Building Earthquake Code (TBEC) of 1998 took effect on site practically around the year 2000. The guideline “Requirements for Design and Construction of RC Structures,” which introduced such modifications as detailing of shear reinforcement, prohibition of the use of low-strength concrete, and plain bars, was introduced the same year. This paper reports the major damage to each building's structural elements and non-structural elements, such as infill walls in the first place. Based on the damage status of each element, the damage level is assigned to each, following the guidelines for earthquake damage classification in Japan. By considering the residual strength of each element based on the values recommended in the guideline mentioned above, the residual horizontal load-bearing capacity of the building is roughly evaluated. This strength reduction value would define the degree of damage to the building. The damage to the surveyed buildings in this survey varies from minor to severe. The generated result could essentially assist the building owners and city authorities in deciding whether to repair/retrofit or demolish the building if conducting a secondary inspection or detailed computational analysis is not required. Furthermore, the effective cross-sections of the walls and columns were calculated based on the data collected via the in-place measurements. By adopting a simplified seismic performance equation in the “RC Design Code” of Japan, the sufficiency of the lateral load-bearing capacity of each building was roughly estimated. © 2024, International Association for Earthquake Engineering. All rights reserved.Book Part Japanese and Turkish Joint Detailed Survey of RC Buildings Damaged by the 2023 Turkey Earthquake(International Association for Earthquake Engineering, 2024) Tajiri, S.; Yazgan, U.; Maeda, M.; Liu, H.; Shegay, A.; Monical, J.; Andirir, G.The Architectural Institute of Japan formed an investigation team to survey the damage to buildings damaged by the February 2023 Turkey earthquakes. The investigation team was dispatched to the affected area from March 28 to April 4, 2023 and conducted field surveys jointly with a Turkish expert group. As part of this investigation, the authors conducted detailed surveys of damaged reinforced concrete buildings. The survey area covers five provinces where extensive building damage was confirmed: Gaziantep, Hatay, Kahramanmaras, Adiyaman, and Malatya. The buildings surveyed were those that are useful for comparative analysis, and ones that allowed for relative ease of an on-site inspection. As a result, a total of 25 buildings were investigated, many of which were constructed after 2000, and the damage level ranged from slightly to severely damaged. In each building, the arrangement, dimensions, and damage grades of columns and walls on the floors that suffered the most damage were recorded, and their damage level was evaluated based on the Japanese and the Turkish post-earthquake damage assessment guidelines. In this paper, an overview of the results of this survey is reported. Based on the survey results, we report the results of an analysis of the structural features and seismic performance of the surveyed Turkish buildings compared to typical Japanese buildings. In addition, the causes of commonly observed damage characteristics in the surveyed buildings and the damage level determined by the Japanese and Turkish guidelines are discussed. © 2024, International Association for Earthquake Engineering. All rights reserved.Book Part Brief Recommendations Addressing RC Buildings Affected by Earthquakes(International Association for Earthquake Engineering, 2024) Dowgala, J.; Dönmez, C.; Irfanoglu, A.; Ozturk, B.; Pujol, S.; Shah, P.Because of the past experience in Christchurch, New Zealand, where many reinforced concrete (RC) buildings without critical damage have been demolished after earthquakes, and similar events elsewhere, FEMA and ATC are preparing comprehensive guidelines on how to address an RC building after it undergoes strong ground motion. Those guidelines should be the primary resource for practicing engineers wherever building authorities adopt them. The guidelines are being designed to fit well within the regulatory seismic assessment framework used in the United States and are based on terms and methods defined by ASCE (ASCE, 2017). The recommendations presented here are intended to be a simpler alternative that could help engineers elsewhere and expedite the assessment of RC buildings after a strong earthquake. These are the opinions of the writers. Previous research by Cecen (1979), FEMA 307 (1998), Shah (2021), Monical (2021), and ATC (2021) has shown that well-detailed RC buildings can survive repeated earthquakes without negative changes in performance as long as the effects of the initial motion(s) are limited to flexural cracking, shear cracking controlled by transverse reinforcement, and flexural yielding. These phenomena a) tend not to cause reductions in structural resistance and, consequently, b) tend not to cause increases in earthquake deformation demands either. Nevertheless, after every strong earthquake, scores of RC buildings are questioned throughout the world, even in the absence of critical structural damage. At the same time, too many RC buildings around the world end up being demolished because of earthquake damage to facades, partitions, finishes, and other non-structural building components. These recommendations are presented here as a simplified approach and an alternative to address both of these problems. The recommendations include building interventions of different natures and extents to address both brittle and ductile existing buildings and consider the implications of initial damage on the future performance of both the structure and non-structural components. © 2024, International Association for Earthquake Engineering. All rights reserved.Book Part Investigation of Stone Masonry Construction Techniques and Material Properties in Hatay and Osmaniye After the 2023 Turkey Earthquake Sequence(International Association for Earthquake Engineering, 2024) Bozyigit, B.; Ozdemir, A.; Dönmez, K.; Dalgic, K.D.; Durgut, E.; Yesilyurt, C.; Acikgoz, S.The eleven Turkish provinces affected by the 2023 Turkey earthquake sequence featured historic cities which are home to numerous stone masonry structures. Scientific evaluations of the earthquake response of these structures requires knowledge of the construction techniques as well as the mechanical properties of the constituent masonry materials (stone and mortar). However, limited research has been conducted on these aspects to date. To address this research gap, a post-earthquake field study was conducted on monumental structures located in two of the affected provinces (Hatay and Osmaniye). The paper first provides a survey of damage observations from the field; these highlight the significant role of masonry disaggregation in collapse mechanisms. To understand the reasons for disaggregation failures, construction techniques are investigated systematically using the Masonry Quality Index (MQI). The use of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity, Schmidt Rebound Hammer and Mortar Penetrometer devices to quantify mechanical properties of stone and mortar is then presented. Examples are provided to demonstrate how the construction technique and material property data informs our understanding of damage mechanisms. © 2024, International Association for Earthquake Engineering. All rights reserved.Book Part Seismic Performance of RC Buildings With Wide-Beams During 2019 Albania and 2023 Türkiye Earthquakes(International Association for Earthquake Engineering, 2024) Baballëku, M.; Isufi, B.; Marinković, M.; Dönmez, C.; Pinho Ramos, A.P.The performance of concrete buildings with concealed wide beam floors is in focus in this paper. These types of buildings were highly affected and damaged during the Albania, November 26th, 2019 and the Türkiye, February 6th, 2023 earthquakes. This typology has been widely used in Albania after ’90 and in Türkiye since the ’60s, and it can be found in buildings with different heights, from low to high rise. In cases of low to mid-rise buildings, wide beam–column frames are predominant, whereas, in high-rise buildings, wide concealed beams are present in both moment frame and dual RC systems. Moreover, such structural systems remain the most used in Albania even nowadays, almost five years after the aforementioned strong earth-quake. This paper aims to review the seismic performance of buildings with concealed wide beams in light of the new field data gathered following the 2019 Albania and 2023 Türkiye earthquakes. Data from field visits in Albania and Türkiye are described and discussed. It was found that damage in Albania to the joisted slabs and concealed beams was limited, but the disadvantages of the system were expressed through damage mostly concentrated in other structural elements such as columns or non-structural masonry infill. Damages in Türkiye were more extensive. An investigation of the possible explanations for these observations is presented based on nonlinear analyses performed on two case study buildings. Finally, the implications of the results of the analyses for the seismic performance of RC buildings are discussed and confronted with earthquake damage observations. © 2024, International Association for Earthquake Engineering. All rights reserved.Book Part Greenmetric Journey of Izmir Institute of Technology: Agile Strategies Towards a Green Campus(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2026) Keskin, E.; Ökten, H.E.; Akpinar, İ.; Baran, Y.Recently, there has been growing attention towards sustainable approaches on university campuses through disseminating international evaluation systems, the UI GreenMetric World University Rankings (GM) attracting specific attention in particular. Türkiye is one of the countries where the number of participating universities in GM rises annually at a significant pace. Most of the large-scale university campuses in Türkiye were already built by the 1990s, which led these campuses to adapt themselves to higher standards for sustainability. In this context, Izmir Institute of Technology (IZTECH), a 33-year-old university, has applied for the GM with its Gülbahçe Campus since 2020. This paper aims to reveal IZTECH’s institutional agile sustainability strategy, energetic and collective processes, and good practices in the last five years while examining the outcomes through the GM’s evaluation of six assessment criteria. In this regard, the sustainability practices of IZTECH have been monitored since 2019 and compared to how the developments have improved the GM scores for the past 3 years. This study, focusing on the IZTECH campus through historical, social, educational, and technological perspectives, unveils the barriers between developing and implementing sustainability practices and examines the cohesion between GM scores and annual reports of campus activities for further projections towards a greener campus. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026.Book Part Placing `The Rural` in Territorial Governance(Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 2025) Scott, M.; Gkartzios, M.; Gallent, N.Despite living in the so-called "urban age", development conflicts and global challenges have never looked more "rural" in nature. This includes the role of rural places in the context of energy and food security, natural resource extraction, a site for climate action, and the imperative of nature recovery. This chapter proposes a framework in which the diversity and complexity of rural places is revealed in a practical way, building on a conceptualisation of relational rural capitals that are fundamental to the function and potential of those places. In the context of debates concerning the future of rural areas, and the role of territorial governance in delivering a sustainable, inclusive and resilient countryside, this chapter considers the value of a place capitals perspective in unpacking, firstly, "what makes" rural places and, secondly, the ways that territorial interventions can ensure the protection, enhancement, and sensitive use of those capitals. © The Editors and Contributors Severally 2025.Book Part Energy Production from Gas Hydrates(Elsevier, 2025) Çifçi, G.; Parlaktuna, M.; Çelebi, S.S.; Günaydın, S.O.Gas hydrates are a type of natural formation that contains large amounts of mostly methane, which is also known as natural gas, and water, in the form of ice. Methane hydrates are cages of water molecules that surround and trap methane molecules. Gas hydrate is geophysical, geologically and economically important for several reasons: Gas hydrates are good cap rocks for oil and natural gas. The methane hydrate itself is an important energy source. A volume of gas hydrate can store up to 164 times per volume of gas as zipped gas, and the fact that gas hydrate occurs almost all around the world. Methane seepage may indicate the existence of a deeper hydrocarbon reservoir, and the methane production and migration in the slope sediments may cause massive slope failure. Last but not least Methane gas has a minimum 22 times more global warm absorption capacity compared to carbon dioxide if it is released into the atmosphere. In other words, greenhouse gas is due to its contribution to climate change. Gas hydrates have drawn significant interest as a potential near future energy resource. Research in the production field of gas hydrates has focused on several key areas, including the feasibility of commercial production, the environmental impacts, and the technological improvements associated with the safe recovery of gas. © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.