Master Degree / Yüksek Lisans Tezleri
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/3008
Browse
10 results
Search Results
Master Thesis Inhalation Exposure To Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Izmir(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2022) Edebali, Özge; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Sofuoğlu, AysunPolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are chemicals that are classified as hazardous air pollutants with carcinogenic and chronic-toxic effects on human health. People may be exposed to these chemicals indoors and outdoors via inhalation of indoor and outdoor air. Their production and use were banned worldwide with the Stockholm Convention. Since the Turkish government became an official signatory to the Stockholm Convention in year of 2010, the determination of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in environmental compartments in Türkiye has gained importance. PCBs are still present in the environment because they are found in materials such as those used in heat transfer, electrical, and hydraulic systems manufactured before the ban due to their persistence to degradation in environment. Industrial processes have an important effect on their environmental concentrations due to unintentional emissions. Therefore, they are still present in air and investigations show that industrial and urban areas have higher levels. The aim of this study was to measure concentrations of PCB compounds in indoor-outdoor air samples collected at homes and schools, and to estimate exposure and associated carcinogenic health risks. Samples were collected at randomly selected sites in urban, semi-urban, and rural areas with polyurethane foam – passive samplers. Samples were analyzed by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry after Soxhlet extraction. The estimated carcinogenic risks even at the 95th percentile were calculated below the acceptable risk level (10-6), indicating that the population carcinogenic risk associated with inhalation of gas-phase PCBs is not considerable. However, aggregate risks that could be estimated by addition of other plausible exposure pathways would drive the levels above the acceptable level.Master Thesis Long Range Atmospheric Transport of Persistent Organic Pollutants To Izmir(01. Izmir Institute of Technology, 2021) Ayri, İlknur; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Sofuoğlu, AysunIn this study, passive samplers were placed in 10 provinces and an active sampler in Izmir in order to examine the long-range transport of POPs that are released into the environment due to the effects of the war in countries next to our southeast border. The ten cities were classified into three proximity groups: close, middle, and far. According to correlation analysis, central tendency statistics for various congeners showed an increasing trend with proximity to the war zone. However, support by hypothesis testing with Kruskal-Wallis or ANOVA tests were limited: PBDE-183, Σ45PCB and dieldrin in winter, PBDE-28, PBDE-99, PBDE-154, p,p'-DDE, Σ14PBDE and Σ25OCP in the transition period, and PBDE-28, PBDE-99, PBDE-85, PBDE-154, PBDE-190, PCB-52, Σ45PCB, p,p'-DDE and Σ25OCP in the whole sampling period. Back-trajectory frequency analysis of passive sampling indicated that air masses were transported from the war zone to the close region, but it was limited for middle and far regions deeming support by back-trajectory analysis of active sampling not possible, which show that the main route of air masses were Europe, Russia, and the former Soviet Union countries, and North Africa. Concentrations measured by passive air sampling being relatively higher both in the close-group and far-group especially in winter than in the middle-group. The result of passive sampling indicates that the southwest border of Turkey was impacted by POPs which were transported from the war zone while the west of the country was impacted by those from areas in north and northeast.Master Thesis The Use of Vetiveria Zizanioides (l) Nash and Cyperus Alternifolius L. by Floating Wetland Treatment To Improve Water Quality(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2018) Yücel, Arzu; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Sofuoğlu, Sait CemilThe olive mill wastewater (OMW), arises during the production process of olive oil, is an important problem in all Mediterranean countries. OMW shows seasonality, and contain high organic pollutant. Eventhough various methods have been studied for the treatment, olive oil producers neither can afford the cost of these methods, nor it can provide the discharge standards. The capacity of phytoremediation of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash (vetiver) and Cyperus alternifolius L. (umbrella palm) species was evaulated in the treatment of OMW by floating treatment wetland (FTW) method. The 5 and 15% concentrations of OMW (OMW-5 and OMW-15) were remediated by these plants, and unplanted sets as triplicates for 67 days to determine their organic and nitrogen reduction. Therefore, total organic carbon (TOC), total phenol and total nitrogen (TN) in the OMW were measured. The amount of biomass at the beginning of the experiment were 2.5 and 4.0 kg OMW-5 and OMW-15 respectively. The highest biomass growth rate (149%) and total phenol accumulation in plant (439%) were observed in umbrella palm. The results showed that umbrella palm achieved 95%, 99%, 82% removal in TOC, total phenol, TN while these removals were 85%, 93%, 40% in vetiver planted OMW-5 tanks. Similarly, the removal in OMW-15 were comparable with 90, 97, 41 percentages with umbrella palm and 79, 92, and 21 percentages for vetiver respectively. As a result, it seems that umbrella palm and vetiver have potential in diluted OMW treatment by FTW for future.Master Thesis Ambient Air Persistent Organic Pollutant Monitoring, Backtrajectory Modeling, and Health Risk Assessment(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2015) Güngörmüş, Elif; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Sofuoğlu, Sait CemilTurkish Government has officially become a party to the Stockholm Convention as of 2010, therefore, determination of POPs in environmental compartments in Turkey is a critical concern. In this study, 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 43 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in gas and particulate phases of ambient air samples collected in Izmir and Istanbul from May to October 2014 on a weekly basis. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to quantify the targeted pollutants. Potential source regions were assessed by applying back-trajectory and Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF). Population carcinogenic risk levels associated with inhalation exposure were estimated by using Monte Carlo simulation, for which sensitivity and uncertainty analyses were also conducted. The highest mean concentration compounds were heptachlor (61±126 pg/m3) and p,p’-DDE (54±57 pg/m3) in Izmir and Istanbul, respectively. The mean Ʃ43PCBs concentration was found as 232±224 pg/m3 in Izmir, and 104±48 pg/m3 in Istanbul. Gas phase concentartions of OCPs and PCBs were generally much higher than particle phase. The PSCF results pointed out different potential source regions: Middle East, Eurasia, and Europe. All the estimated carcinogenic risks based on the 95% percentile values for individual OCPs and Ʃ43PCBs were calculated below the acceptable risk levels (10-6), indicating no significant potential health risk via inhalation route.Master Thesis Protection of the Marble Monument Surfaces by Using Biodegradaple Polymers(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2007) Ocak, Yılmaz; Sofuoğlu, AysunThe deterioration of historic buildings and monuments constructed by marble has been accelerated in the past century due to the effects of air pollution. The main pollutant Sulphur dioxide (SO2) reacts with marble composed primarily of calcite (CaCO3), the firs step of decay which called gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) crust is formed and this process can be accelerated when the surfaces exposed to the rain.In this study, the possibilities of slowing down the SO2-marble reactions were investigated by coating the surface of marble with some bio-degradable polymers: zein, chitosan, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and polylactic acid (PLA) as protective agents.Uncoated control marbles and biodegradable polymer coated marbles were exposed at nearly 8 ppm SO2 concentration at 100 % relative humidity conditions in a reaction chamber for several days. The extent of reaction was determined by leaching sulphate from the marble surface into deionized water and measuring the total concentration of sulphate with ion chromatography (IC). Then, gypsum crust thickness, polymers % protection factor and average deposition velocity were calculated. Concurrently, the ratio and amount of calcium sulfite hemihydrate (CaSO3.H2O)and gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) were determined by FT-IR analysis. The surface morphology of SO2 exposed marble to distinguished calcium sulfite hemihydrate and gypsum crystals were determined by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).The results of the study showed that SO2-calcite reaction increased in the use of zein, glycerol added zein and chitosan polymers on the surface of marble. While, PHB treated marble surfaces had 5 % increases in the protection factor. The low molecular weight PLA protection factor was 45 % after 85 days exposure. Similar results were observed when the high molecular weight of PLA used. The protection was extended to more than 90 days having 60 % protection factor.Master Thesis Determination of Gas-Particle Partitioning Parameters and Indoor Air Concentrations of Synthetic Musk Compounds(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2013) Özcan, Çiğdem; Sofuoğlu, AysunGas-particle partitioning of compounds is the key process determining the fate of chemical in the environment. The partitioning process can be modeled depending upon dominancy of being adsorptive or absorptive partitioning and referred with partition coefficient (Kp m3.μg-1). Kp is related to liquid phase vapor pressure of a compound of interest. Due to difficulty related to model parameters, researchers have been developed a parameter called octanol air partition coefficient, KOA which can be directly measured and used to estimate Kp. Synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) are the one group of semi volatile organic compounds which are resistant to degradation, lipophilic and have moderate vapor pressures. They have been widely used in detergents, soaps, cosmetics, perfumes to give nice odorous effect for the product of interest. Most of their chemical properties values based on estimation methods. This study designed to measure octanol-air partition coefficients (KOA) and supercooled liquid vapor pressures (PL) by GC retention time method as a function of temperature to estimate gas-particle partitioning of SMCs. In addition ten indoor air gas and particulate phase samples were collected from a university cafeteria to determine experimental partition coefficient in the indoor air environment. The log KOA and log PL values of synthetic musk compounds were ranged between 6.42 to 8.77 and 0.52 to -4.53, respectively at 25 0C. All of the compounds were detected in the gas phase and the concentrations ranged from 0.27 ng/m3 to 106.8 ng/m3. In the particulate phase only DPMI, ADBI, ATII, MX and MK were detected in the range of 0.06 ng/m3 to 210.5 ng/m3. Although the correlation between the gas-particle partitioning coefficient (KP) and PL was found as weak, KOA was determined as a good descriptor for gas-particle partitioning process.Master Thesis Anaerobic Co-Treatability of Olive Mill Wastewaters and Domestic Wastewater(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2003) Atayol, Ahmet Avni; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Sofuoğlu, AysunHandling of olive mill wastewater (OMW) constitute an important problem for Mediterranean countries in general and western parts of Turkey in particular. This wastewater is seasonally produced and has high organic pollutant concentrations. Many treatment methods have been tried for its treatment, but a method having both sufficient treatment efficiency and economical feasibility could not be offered.Anaerobic treatment, having the advantages of applicability to high-strength and/or seasonal wastewaters, energy production and reduced costs, may be a good option. But olive mill wastewater is considered still to be highly polluted and not to have sufficient nutrients while domestic wastewater (DW) is assessed to be dilute and to have nutrients in excess for anaerobic treatment. Therefore anaerobic co-treatment of these wastewaters may be a better solution.In this study, the anaerobic co-treatability of OMW and DW was investigated by means of anaerobic treatability assays called Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) tests. These tests were applied to OMW and DW mixtures of different ratios (OMW:DW of 1:9, 1:5, 1:3, 1:1, 1:0) at different organic loadings (4553 mg/l, 9107 mg/l, 13660 mg/l, 22767 mg/l and 34150 mg/l Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) loading) with two different seed cultures. In order to determine the effect of nutrient addition, and the complementarity of these wastewaters, all tests were carried out both with (BM+) and without (BM-) the addition of a nutrient solution (basal medium).Results of the experiments showed treatment efficiencies around 80% at 4553 mg/l COD loading and around 70% at higher loadings for samples seeded with the culture obtained from the treatment plant of Efes Pilsen Brewery in İzmir, Turkey. For samples seeded with the culture obtained from the anaerobic digesters of Ankara Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant, results were between 61% and 82% with the higher efficiencies at medium COD loading levels. A meaningful relation between DW content and treatment efficiency could not be observed; but the performance ratio of BMreactors to BM+ reactors increased with increasing DW content in the mixture, indicating the positive effect of DW addition. Reactors seeded with Efes culture did not require an acclimation period, while those seeded with Ankara culture did so. Efes seeded reactors, at all COD loadings, performed most of the gas production, around 75-80%, in about 15-20 days. Ankara seeded BM+ reactors required about 25 days for 80% production, while this period was about 35-45 days for BM- reactors.Master Thesis Air Monitoring of Polychlorinated Bibhenyls in Ambient Air of Suburban Area in Izmir, Turkey(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2004) Bozacıoğlu, Sevde Seza; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Sofuoğlu, AysunPolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are human made toxic chemicals which were first synthesized in 1920s. Because of their inverse effects on environment and human health the usage and production of PCBs were banned in 1970s in United States and all over the Europe. PCBs are prone to long- range atmospheric transport and this makes them ubiquitous in the environment. Due to the importance of long-range transport of PCBs, their concentrations have been measured in many different countries. In order to determine the atmospheric concentration levels of total (gas+particle) PCBs (.PCB) and 41 PCB congeners in İzmir, two sampling programs were designed. 20 successive day and nighttime (called short-term), and 40 a year around representing particle and gas phase samples (called long-term) were collected from May 2003 to March 2004. Effects of temperature, wind speed and direction, and seasonal change on atmospheric concentrations of PCBs were investigated. In the short-term period, average .PCB(41) concentration was 520 pg m-3, while congener base total (gas+particle) polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations ranged from 0.37 . 0.65 pg m-3 (PCB 158) to 305.07 . 86.01 pg m-3 (PCB 33). Similarly, in the long-term analysis average .PCB(41) concentration was found as 419 pg m-3, while the minimum and maximum concentrations of congener base total (gas+particle) PCB concentrations ranged from 0.11 . 10.58 pg m-3 (PCB 70) to 919.69 . 281.18 pg m-3 (PCB 208). Short-term average total concentration was higher than a year average total concentration. The reason could be the revolatilization of these compounds from the contaminated surfaces due to the increase in temperature in early summer/late spring.Generally, the levels of PCB were within the ranges previously measured at different sites. The temperature dependence of gas-phase atmospheric concentrations of PCBs was investigated by using Clausius-Clapeyron relationship. The results were statistically significant for 12 PCB congeners (PCB 74, 70, 101, 99, 87, 82/151, 153, 138, 158, and 128). In addition to temperature, the effect of wind speed and direction was investigated using multiple linear regression analysis. Results of the multiple regression analysis indicated that wind speed was a statistically significant factor for PCB 18 and PCB 17, which have low molecular weights and tendency to be in gas phase. In the long-term data analysis with respect to Clausius-Clapeyron relationship 13 congeners (PCB 18, 17, 31, 28, 33, 74, 70, 95, 99, 153, 138, 187, and 209) were statistically significant with temperature. Introduction of wind speed and wind direction to the Clausius-Clapeyron equation did not resulted in a better correlation. The statistically significant correlated congeners were attributed as they were originated from short-range transport. The other congeners with lower R2 values and poor correlations exhibited that their sources were originated from long-range transport. The only positive slope was obtained for PCB 209 and this could be attributed to the influence of its ongoing source. Since the usage and production of PCBs were banned, the source may be the exchange processes from buildings, indoor air, soils, etc., to overlying atmosphere.Master Thesis Measurement of Henry's Law Constant of Organochlorinated Pesticides(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2005) Özer, Serdar; Sofuoğlu, AysunMost of the semi-volatile organic compounds, which are environmentally important, are subject to long range atmospheric transport due to their chemical and physical properties. Their vapor pressure, solubility and indirectly Henry.s law constants are the most important parameters defining their fate during transport of these compounds. Especially in the air-water exchange process, Henry.s law constant plays an important role. Therefore accurate and direct measurement of the Henry.s law constant are required for the most of the compound present in the environment. In this study 17 organochlorine pesticides. Henry.s law constants were measured by a dynamic equilibration method at 5, 15, 20, 25 and 35 a1C in deionized water. The variation in H with temperature was expressed using the van.t Hoff type Gibbs-Helmhotz equation. Calculated enthalpy of phase change for each compound, which helps to describe how sensitive is the partitioning between air and water, within the range of the values reported in the literature. In Gibbs-Helmhotz plots, H values of a compound in saline water were always higher than the H values of that compound in deionized water. Therefore, it was concluded that in the saline water, the air-water partition of these chemicals is shifted to air phase.Master Thesis Determination of Synthetic Musk Compound Levels in Indoor Air(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2009) Kıymet, Nihan; Sofuoğlu, AysunSynthetic musk compounds are one group of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), and they are generally used as ingredients for odor in products such as detergent industry and cosmetics. Nowadays the increase in the use of synthetic musks caused increased in the production rate of these compounds. As a result they are detected in air, water, and aquatic biota. Like other SVOCs, they are classified as bioaccumulative, toxic and endocrine disrupting chemicals. In this study, 10 indoor air gas and particulate phase samples were collected from primary school classroom and woman sport center due to sensitivity of the group of people: children and woman in high activity. Particulate phase and gas phase synthetic musk compounds concentrations were determined. The synthetic musk compounds studied in this research were Galaxolide (HHCB), Tonalide (AHTN), Celestolide (ADBI), Traseolide (ATII), Phantolide (AHMI), Cashmeran (DPMI), Musk Ketone (MK), Musk Xylene (MX). The analyzed samples were showed the gas phase and particulate phase concentrations in primary school classroom were higher than sports center. All synthetic musk compounds were found in the gas phase samples in the primary school. Except musk ketone, the rest of the compounds were detected in the sports center. The gas phase concentration for classroom ranged from 267±56 (HHCB) to 0.12±0.2 ng /m3 (MK) while it varied from 144±60.6 (HHCB) to 0.08±0.1 ng/m3 (AHMI) for Sports Center. The order of the compounds in the samples for the sampling places showed differences. From the highest to lowest concentration order was HHCB>AHTN>ATII>DPMI>MX>ADBI>AHMI and HHCB> DPMI >AHTN>ATII>>MX>ADBI>AHMI>MK for sports center and classroom respectively.