Master Degree / Yüksek Lisans Tezleri
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/3008
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Master Thesis Emission Characteristics of Two and Three Level Systems(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2022) Yılmaz, Teyfik; Çakır, Özgür; Çakır, ÖzgürIn this thesis, we mainly focus on the two subjects. Firstly, we investigate the spontaneous emission from a V-type three-level atom. We mainly study the influence of quantum interference between the decay processes from the two upper levels to a lower level to which the upper levels are coupled by the same vacuum modes. The effects of quantum interference on the spontaneous emission spectrum are studied. These effects are shown to induce spectral narrowing and a dark line in the spectrum. The influence of the interference on the upper level populations is also examined. It is seen that the upper level populations are not simple exponential decays. In the second part of this study, the fluorescence spectrum of a driven two-level atom is evaluated. Both the resonance and the off-resonance cases, and the weak and the strong coupling regimes are investigated.Master Thesis Electron Optics in Graphene(01. Izmir Institute of Technology, 2022) Coşgel, Gürcan; Çakır, ÖzgürNegative refraction, also known as Veselago lensing, was first predicted by Victor Veselago in 1968 (Veselago (1968)). Its unique effect has a great potential for both scientific and technological applications such as superlenses. Unlike the conventional positive refractive index, focusing effect can be observed by negative refraction. In this thesis, the focusing effect was investigated theoretically through on n-p junction in graphene. The opposite chirality of electrons and holes enable the negative refraction where electrons( holes) have their momentum parallel(anti-parallel) to the group velocity. The case when potential barrier is directed perpendicular to KK direction, where K and K are the Dirac points were considered. The Green’s functions were calculated analytically and derived the susceptibility using the Green’s functions for various positions of the sources and the receiver at various Fermi energies. The spatial Green’s functions were calculated analytically and derived the static susceptibility (response function).Master Thesis B92 Based Quantum Key Distribution With Faint Pulsed Laser(01. Izmir Institute of Technology, 2021) Mutlu, Görkem; Ateş, Serkan; Çakır, ÖzgürIn quantum key distribution (QKD), photons are used to share the key between the transmitter and receiver, and in principle, single photon sources should be used to create a secure communication channel. Nowadays, attenuated laser sources are used in many studies. While it is practical to use attenuated laser pulses for QKD system, it poses many safety issues due to the possibility of multiple photons in the laser pulses. In addition, the key rate is waived to increase the level of security. However, the use of single photon sources is not as easy and practical as using attenuated laser sources. Today, studies of single photon sources to be used for QKD continue. In order for these single photon sources to be used actively, a photon source that operates at room temperature, operates in a wide band-gap range for different areas of use (underwater, optical fiber-based and free space) and can be excited at high speed is required. Since hBN defect centers are a material that can produce single photons at room temperature and have a wide band gap, it seems very ideal for these studies. In this thesis, studies have been carried out on the realization of the protocol, which is a part of QKD, with solid-state materials that produce single photons. In the studies, a key was produced with a faint pulsed laser. Also, data is encrypted using the key of the transmitter. Then the data is successfully decrypted with the key measured by the receiver.Master Thesis Quantum Walks: Entanglement Between Spatial Degrees of Freedom and Interference in Multi-Photon Walks(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2020) Karlı, Yusuf; Çakır, ÖzgürQuantum walks can be described as quantum analogues of classical random walks. In quantum walks, the direction of the walker is dictated by the quantum state of a coin in a coherent fashion. Unlike classical random walk with a fair coin, quantum walk has non-Markovian property. First, we studied 2-D quantum walk analytically and numerically with one-walker and two entangled coins to investigate the transfer of the entanglement in initial coins state to spatial degrees of freedom. The coins are Hadamard Coin, Fourier Coin, among which the Fourier coin generates entanglement, thus increase entanglement between spatial degrees of freedom. Here we calculated the amount of entanglement using negativity. In the second part we studied average photon number correlations for 1-D quantum walk with many body bosonic walkers, like different light sources, to investigate quantum interference effects and we showed the second-order intensity correlations function in terms of the probability amplitudes of the 1-D quantum walk with Hadamard coin. We compared the resulting correlations for various initial many photon states.Master Thesis Rkky Interaction and Its Control in Graphene and Related Materials(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2019) Canbolat, Ahmet Utku; Çakır, ÖzgürGraphene got dramatic attention and lead the two-dimensional material physics after its first successful synthesis in 2004. Its unique electronic properties contain great potential for both scientific and technological applications. RKKY (Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya Yosida) is an indirect exchange interaction mediated by conduction electrons. In graphene, the interaction strength decay as 1/R³ where R is the distance between the magnetic moments. In the first part of this work, we calculated that applying circular potential on a graphene sheet forms quasi-bound states in the potential region. Via these states, the RKKY interaction is enhanced between magnetic moments on the edge of the potential well. This can be thought of an electronic analog of the Purcell effect. We showed that the interaction strength is even more enhanced if the Fermi level is in resonance with the energies of the quasi-bound states. In the second part, we considered zigzag edged hexagonal nanoflakes. It is known that zigzag edged flakes have zero-energy edge-states. It is also known that the states with closer energies contribute more to RKKY interaction. Thus, we calculated that there is an enhancement between these edge-states. In the third part, we investigated the behavior of RKKY interaction for two dimensional materials with quartic dispersion. An energy dispersion is said to be quartic if it is of the form E = α(k² - kc² )². Here, α and kc are material dependent constants. There are many materials exhibiting the quartic dispersion such as nitrogene, phosphorene, and arsenene. These materials are also sharing two-dimensional hexagonal lattice structure with graphene. What makes quartic dispersion special is that it has van-Hove singularity in its density of states near the band-edge. RKKY interaction is sensitive to the density of states because it depends on the number of electrons contributing spin exchange. Thus, the larger the number of electrons, the stronger the coupling. In this part, we tuned the Fermi level so that it lies on the DOS singularity and then we calculated the interaction strength as a function of R. We found a slowly decaying RKKY interaction for quartic dispersion. If the energy dispersion is pure quartic (i.e. E = ak4), we found the interaction strength depends on 1/(kf R) instead of 1/R which makes the RKKY interaction long range for arbitrarily small Fermi level.Master Thesis Three-Photon Electromagnetically Induced Transparency in Rydberg Atoms(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2019) Oyun, Yağız; Sevinçli, Sevilay; Çakır, ÖzgürElectromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) is a quantum coherence phe- nomenon, in which an atomic medium is rendered transperent via destructive interference of excitation pathways. EIT was first observed in a three-level lambda scheme where a modified optical response is achieved by the interference of light field induced atomic state coherences at the resonance of transition. An EIT system also produces important optical effects including giant Kerr non-linearity and slow light. Rydberg-EIT media have been used to study optical properties of atomic media, non-linear optical effects and to gain better understanding on interacting many-body systems due to the controllable in- teractions of Rydberg atoms. Recently EIT in a four-level ladder scheme was realized experimentally in a dressed-state manner with Cs atomic vapor, in which a strong dress- ing field allows for a transparency window to be opened for probe field. Rydberg EIT has potential applications in terahertz regime, electrometry, metrology and quantum in- formation science, but extensive studies on four-level Rydberg EIT schemes are scarce. In this thesis; three-photon EIT in a cold atomic ensemble that has a ladder type excita- tion scheme, in which the highest energy state is a Rydberg state is investigated. Atom- light interactions of a four-level ladder system is developed for non-interacting case, then extended to many-body case. Starting with the steady-state solutions without atomic in- teractions, Rydberg EIT system is analyzed using mean-field and rate equation methods, though due to inadequate computing power and lack of time we could not finalize the rate equation method. To understand effects of Rydberg-Rydberg interactions on these systems in detail, two-body case is investigated with mean-field method. Afterwards, to achieve more realistic results, a self-consistent mean-field method for larger systems is developed. It is observed that as the van der Waals interaction energy increases, Rydberg blockade becomes more prominent. Therefore induced transparency weakens, broadens and shifts away from the resonance as expected. This means that, controllable interac- tions in a Rydberg EIT medium enables to control and modify the optical response of the atomic medium.Master Thesis Investigation of Anharmonic Effects in Phonon Transport(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2018) Çınar, Mustafa Neşet; Sevinçli, Haldun; Çakır, ÖzgürPhonons are quantum mechanical particles corresponding to ionic vibrations. They are similar to electrons in a way that they interact with other particles and defects, and they are responsible for thermal conduction in insulators like electrons are responsible for electrical conduction in conductors. Most of the physical properties due to ionic vibrations can be determined by using harmonic approximation which consider phonons as independent quantum mechanical harmonic oscillators having quadratic potentials depending on the displacements of atoms in their equilbirium positions. However, there are some physical processes such as finite thermal conductivity and thermal expansion which cannot be explained with only harmonic phonons. To investigate these physical processes anharmonicity needs to be taken into account. Anharmonicity is related to the higher order terms in the interatomic potential and corresponds to phonon-phonon interactions. The strength of these interactions depends on the temperature which is related to the available thermal energy, or, the number of phonons given by the Bose-Einstein distribution. In this thesis, the effects of anharmonicity on quantum thermal transport are studied in nanoscale systems by using Green functions. Non-Equilibrium Green Functions (NEGF) method is a perturbative approach to study transport properties of both electronic and phononic systems. Anharmonic terms in interatomic potential are incorporated into NEGF method in the form of a self-energy which can be computed self-consistently. This approach provides high accuracy with high computational cost. As an alternative, mean field technique is computationally more feasible which allows to do calculations for larger systems. In this study, we investigate anharmonic transport properties of one-dimensional chains using NEGF method. Our calculations involve self-energies of third and fourth order anharmonic terms. In addition, mean field calculation for fourth order anharmonicity is performed for comparison.Master Thesis Quantum Dynamics of Noise Assisted Excitation Transport(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2018) Özkan, Hazan; Çakır, ÖzgürIn this thesis, different types of systems are studied to investigate the effects of the environmental factors on diffusion and transfer time. Each system consists of different energy levels and excitation transfers between them. The mismatch between the energy levels leads to the Anderson localization. Localization has a negative effect on transport. It is shown that Anderson localization is suppressed due to interaction with the environment. To describe the dynamical evolution of the open quantum system Lindblad master equation is used. The transition times of the system from the pure state to the completely mixed state are examined with the help of the density matrix. In consequence of our study, because of the interaction between the system and environment the change in the wavefunction, the loss in the interference terms and an irreversible information flow in the total system are observed. Destructive effects of the environmental noise on localization are observed for different scenarios and diffusion enhanced. However, when the interaction with the environment becomes larger than a critical value, the system exhibits Zeno effect. In the Zeno regime, the time evolution of the quantum state of the system as well as the diffusion is suppressed.Master Thesis Quantum transport in nanostructured materials(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2017) Kurt, Gizem; Sevinçli, Haldun; Çakır, ÖzgürDue to the advances in the measurement and fabrication techniques at the nanoscale it is now possible to measure thermal transport across single molecule junctions[1], which makes it possible to consider nano-scale thermal devices. One of the building blocks for such thermal devices should be thermal switches. The aim of this study is to design a thermal switch, which is based on a single molecule junction and photoisomerism. We propose reversible photoisomerism as a key ingredient to build reversible thermal switches based on single molecule junctions. In this thesis, the thermal conductances of molecular junctions built by azobenzene and its derivatives are computed using density functional theory based tight binding method combined with atomistic Green’s functions. These molecules show photoisomeric behaviour by switching their three-dimensional structure when exposed to radiation. We investigate the effects of different linker groups as well as the details of the reservoirs. Carbon nanotubes are used as reservoirs, while generic reservoirs are also investigated to illuminate the effects of the reservoir details. We show that thermal conductance can be altered by switching the molecule from trans to cis configuration. The effect is robust under the change of the linkers that bind the molecules to the reservoirs and under the change of the particular molecular species.Master Thesis Multiple exciton generation in graphene nanostructures(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2014) Yıldırım, Jülide; Çakır, ÖzgürThis thesis comprises a theoretical study on the role of the inverse-Auger process in graphene nanostructures. Inverse-Auger effect (IAE) is the formation of a multitude of low energy excitons from a single exciton of higher energy. Its mechanism is the conversion of the kinetic energy of the high energy carriers to new excitons via Coulomb interaction. Bulk graphene has zero band gap energy and has two Dirac points which is linearly dependent crystal momentum. Due to quantum confinement, graphene nanoribbons and graphene flakes or the structures having periodically holes develop a band gap. The emergence of a band gap makes these structures eligible for solar cell applications. In bulk structures, due to translational symmetry momentum is conserved which leads to a decreased IAE. However, in nanostructures, in addition to the relaxation of momentum conservation condition, the Coulomb interaction between the carriers increases which leads to an enhanced IAE. In this thesis, a theoretical analysis of inverse-Auger effect is carried out for graphene and armchair graphene nanoribbons. Tight binding method is employed to obtain the electronic structure and to calculate the Coulomb matrix elements for the inverse-Auger effect in this structures. According to our calculations, inverse- Auger effect in the bulk graphene provides the formation of new excitons at a rate which is approximately linearly proportional to the energy of an electron at the conduction band.