Master Degree / Yüksek Lisans Tezleri
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/3008
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Master Thesis Plaster Characteristics of Historic Eski Hamam in Aydın(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2018) Gürhan, Fatma; Böke, HasanAydın Eski Hamam is a typical example of Ottoman period bath buildings. It had been built during 15th-16th centuries, and subjected to extensive interventions by present. The building was registered in 2001, and excavation, cleaning and measured surveys were carried out in 2016-2017. The aim of this study is to determine the characteristics of the horasan and lime plasters of Eski Hamam. Within this purpose, horasan and lime plasters, joint mortars and building bricks were collected from the bath. Basic physical properties, raw material compositions, microstructural and hydraulic properties of plasters, mineralogical and chemical compositions of binders and aggregates, and pozzolanic activities of aggregates were determined by standard test methods, XRD and SEM-EDS analyses in order to shed light on the restoration implementations. The results revealed that all the studied samples were of low density and high porosity. Physical, chemical and microstructural properties of plasters did not differ according to the space, level and layer they had been used. Horasan plasters had been prepared by using pure lime and brick aggregates. Lime plasters used on the upper levels had been produced by using pure lime and small amount of fine sand. Horasan plasters were hydraulic due to the use of pozzolanic aggregates. Brick aggregates had been manufactured by using raw material sources containing high amounts of clay minerals, and fired at low temperatures. Lime plasters and mortars had hydraulic properties due to the use of pozzolanic natural aggregates.Master Thesis Importance of Condition Survey and Report of Built Cultural Heritage: Düzce (hereke) Bath(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2017) Ünal, Yasemen; Böke, HasanIn historic buildings conservation works, proper intervention decisions are taken by the correct analysis and evaluation of the present situation of the building. The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) has started a standardization studies in the protection of cultural heritage. One of the important developed standard is the “Condition Survey and Report of Built Cultural Heritage” that accepted in 2012. Turkish Standards Institution has adopted the “condition survey and report of built cultural heritage'' as a local standard to be used in the conservation work of historic building in Turkey. Hence, all institutions have to comply with the standards for conservation work carried out in Turkey. This standard specifies how the present condition of cultural heritage will be evaluated, documented, recorded and reported. It is applied the determination of the need for maintenance measures and identification of detailed principles of conservation. The aim of this thesis was to use standard on a case study. The chosen case was Düzce Bath in İzmir. The study began by visual observation at the site. During the survey of the study, digital camera, flashlight and steel meter were used in the necessary places. Work has to be started from mostly collapsed walls, arches and domes that affect the stability of the building severely.Master Thesis Plaster characteristics of Çinili Hamam built by Mimar Sinan in İstanbul(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2016) İpekci, Emre; Böke, HasanIn this study, horasan and lime plasters of Zeyrek Çinili Bath (16th c.) in İstanbul built by Mimar Sinan, considered as the master architect of the Ottoman Empire, were investigated to determine application techniques of plasters, basic physical properties, raw material compositions, microstructural properties and hydraulicity of plasters, mineralogical, chemical compositions of binders, pozzolanic activities of crushed brick aggregates by using standard test methods, binocular microscope, XRD, SEM-EDS and TGA. Multilayered plaster application on the wall surfaces of the inner spaces of the bath was classified as lower level and upper level plasters. The lower level plasters are composed of two horasan plaster layers. The first layer is rough while the second layer is fine. Glazed tiles are adhered on the second layer of the horasan plasters by glazed tile adhesives. Hence, all horasan plasters are original and not repaired. The upper level plasters are composed of a horasan plaster layer with one or two lime plaster layers. The plasters of domes are consisted of a rough horasan plaster layer with one fine lime plaster layer. Horasan plasters used in all spaces of the bath have no significant differences in their physical properties, mineralogical, chemical compositions, microstructural properties, pozzolanicity and hydraulicity. Horasan plasters are high porous and low dense materials. The layers of horasan plasters used in the bath are well adhered to each other. Brick aggregates of horasan plasters have good puzzolanic properties. Hence, most of the horasan plasters are hydraulic.Master Thesis Air Pollution Effects on the Façade of the Botter Apartment in İstanbul(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2010) Parlak, Birsen; Böke, HasanAir pollution showed a large increase with the rapid development of industry in the middle of the 18th century. Air pollution has been affecting cultural heritage along with human health. Limestone is one of the most affected building materials from the air pollution. Carbon, sulphure and nitrogen gases are the main components which are affective in the deterioration of limestone and their rate increased with air pollution. Sulphure dioxide (SO2) reacts with the calcite crystals (CaCO3) that are the main structure of limestone and leads to the formation of gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O). In this study, the formation of gypsum on limestone was investigated on the façade of the Botter Apartment within the restoration and conservation studies. For this purpose physical, mineralogical and chemical compositions of weathered limestone were determined by XRD, SEM-EDS, FT-IR and TGA analyses. The weathering forms caused by air pollution were documented with drawing (mapping) and photographs of front façade of Botter Apartment.The results of the study indicated that gypsum formation on limestone surfaces is mainly originated from wet and dry deposition process of sulphur dioxide. Condensation may also play an important role in gypsum formation on such sheltered surfaces in addition to dry deposition. On sheltered surfaces of limestone, due to the dry deposition of gypsum formation proceeds as black crust formation. The gypsum formation has not restricted on the surface of limestone. Deeper penetration and absorption of sulphure dioxide are observed in limestone because of their more porous structure. In Istanbul average daily temperature is low and average relative humidity and sulphure dioxide concentrations are high in winter time. The results of this study indicated that İstanbul atmosphere, with its coinciding high relative humidity and high sulphure dioxide concentrations in winter have led to gypsum formation on limestone. This situation has been encountered in all calcareous stones used in the construction of the buildings.Master Thesis Characteristics of Limes Produced From Marbles and Limestiones(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2007) Toprak, Gülcan; Böke, HasanIn this study, characteristics of lime produced from some marbles and limestones were investigated in order to compare their effects on the lime mortars. For this purpose, limestones that contain low and high amounts of diatoms and marbles quarried from the city of Muğla and the Marmara island were selected as samples. The calcination temperatures of the stones were found to be around 800 C by TGA analysis. Considering their calcination temperatures, they were heated to 850 C in a laboratory furnace, then slaked and carbonated. Before and after these processes, mineralogical and chemical compositions, and microstructures of the products were investigated by XRD and SEM-EDS analysis. The hydraulic properties of carbonated limes were evaluated by determining weight loss at the temperatures between 200-600 C due to the loss of the structurally bound water of hydraulic products and weight loss at the temperatures over 600 C due to carbon dioxide released during the decomposition of calcium carbonates by TGA. The effects of limes on the properties of mortars were investigated by producing lime mortars and comparing their compressive strengths during one year carbonation in laboratory condition. Mortars were prepared with one part (in weight) of lime and three parts (in weight) of marble aggregates. The results of the study indicated that the lime produced from limestone containing high amounts of diatoms is highly hydraulic due to formation of calcium silicate whereas the others are non-hydraulic. The mortars prepared from lime containing high amounts of diatoms were found to be relatively high in compressive strength due to its hydraulicity. The results show that the production of hydaulic lime composed mainly of calcium silicate at a relatively low calcinations temperature (850 C) is possible. Considering this result, it can be concluded that hydraulic lime could be produced by the calcining of limestone containing diatoms in historic kilns.Master Thesis Characterization of Pigments Used in the Execution of Wall Paintings in Kadıkalesi(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2010) Demir, Serap; Böke, HasanSince prehistoric times wall paintings have been remarkable symbols of existences, identities, cultures and life-styles of human beings and societies and considerable integral parts of art and architecture. In this context, determination of painting techniques and materials employed and deterioration problems of the wall paintings, as of being part of built cultural heritage, have been crucial in terms of conservation. In this study, wall paintings existing in the Byzantine church-monastery edifice which have been uncovered in Kadıkalesi (Anaia) archaeological site were investigated for the purpose of identification of the original materials and painting technique. Mineralogical, chemical and micro-structural characteristic of the pigments and binding mediums employed in the fabrication of paintings; and basic physical properties, raw material compositions, mineralogical, chemical and micro-structural features of surface renderings underlying the painting layers were established. In the analyses, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), optical microscope, Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy and thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA) were used. On the basis of analyses results, it was determined that lime-secco technique was used in the fabrication of the investigated wall painting fragments; pigments were applied after mixed with lime (generally dolomitic lime) as binder on the surface of dry fine plaster. The density and porosity values of the fine plasters which paintings were executed are 1.20 g/cm3 and 40 % by volume respectively. The fine plasters were constructed with pure lime with small amount of soil material. Iron oxide-based pigments in red, yellow and purple paintings and aluminosilicate-based pigments; such as celadonite, glauconite in green paintings, lazurite and glaucophane in blue and dark blue paintings were employed.Master Thesis Material Characteristics and Deterioration Problems of Roman Mosaics in Antandros Ancient City(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2013) Karayazılı, Zişan; Böke, HasanIn Roman period, fascinating, colorful and highly detailed mosaics were formed by laying small colored stones, pieces of marble, ceramics and glass tesserae on setting bed. Their conservation requires knowledge concerning the construction techniques, properties of the used materials as well as the problems of deterioration. In this study material characteristics and deterioration problems of Roman mosaics found in a Roman Villa in Antandros Ancient city (Altınoluk, Balıkesir) have been determined in order to define the properties of the original mortars and tesserae, and the main characteristics of the intervention materials, which will be used in the conservation works of mosaics. For this purpose, basic physical properties, mineralogical, chemical and microstructural characteristics of preparatory mortars and tesserae were determined by color spectrometer, standard RILEM test methods, XRD, XRF, SEM-EDS and TGA analyses. Results indicated that mosaics had a multilayered system composed of tesserae, bedding layer, nucleus and rudus from the surface to bottom. Tesserae were small cubes of stone, ceramic and opaque glasses. Stone tesserae were limestones and dolomites. Ceramic tesserae were produce from different raw clay sources by heating them at high temperatures. Glass tesserae were natron based and classified as soda-lime, lead, and soda-lime lead glasses. They were opacified with Ca and Pb-antimonates typical of Roman period and colored with transition metals. The thin bedding layer in which the tesserae were embedded was non-hydraulic lime mortar. Nucleus and rudus mortar layers were composed of crushed brick aggregates and lime. Brick aggregates were pozzolanic and binders of mortar layers were hydraulic due to pozzolanic brick aggregates. The binders exhibited a uniform structure and the strong adherence between brick aggregates and lime. Deterioration processes of the mosaics in Antandros Ancient city caused by destroyed original drainage systems, settlement in the mosaic floors, changes in temperature and humidity and biological colonization. Based on the results of this study, the recommendations are developed for the conservation works of the mosaics.Master Thesis Examination of Deterioration Problems of Andesite Used in Aigai Agora(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2009) Mürtezaoğlu, Fulya; Böke, HasanThe archaeological sites should be conserved as being the documents of ancient civilizations as a part of the built cultural heritage. In this study, the deterioration problems of stone used in the construction of the agora building in the archaeological site of Aigai (Manisa/Turkey) was investigated for the aim of its conservation. For this purpose, the building was documented by photographs and drawings. The stone deteriorations were documented on the drawings and samples were collected from the deteriorated and sound parts of stones. Basic physical properties, mineralogical, chemical and microstructural characteristics of the stone samples were determined to define the causes of deteriorations. X-Ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, polarized microscope, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analyzer were used in the analysis. The stone used in the building is andesite which is mainly composed of andesine, albite high, anorthite, kyanite, labradorite, muscovite, microline, mullite, orthoclase, orthoferrosilite, quartz, sanidine and tridymite minerals. The density and porosity values of sound andesite are 2.4 g/cm3 and 8 % by volume respectively. On the weathered parts of the stone, the porosity increases with degree of weathering. The depth of the weathered zone from the surface to the inner parts which was determined by SEM analysis is about 1.7 cm. On the weathered parts of stone, clay minerals and iron oxides were determined as weathering products of andesite. The existence of clays on the exterior and the interior parts of the andesite accelerates weathering by their swelling.shrinkage properties and provide suitable conditions for the biological growth. Main weathering forms observed on the stone surfaces are detachment, deposits and loss of stone materials. The progress of weathering forms depends mainly on the difference in temperature and humidity between night and day at the site. Condensation and frost occurs mostly in winter months with increasing relative humidity and decreasing temperature. Humid and rainy conditions of winter months promote the weathering of the stone.Master Thesis Conservation Problems of Historic Wall Paintings of Taxiarhis Church in Cunda, Ayvalık(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2005) Şerifaki, Kerem; Böke, HasanIn this study, wall paintings of the Taxiarhis Church were investigated with the purpose of conservation. Wall paintings are documented by photographs and drawings. It was aimed to determine the application technique and material properties of the paintings. Wall paintings of the Taxiarhis Church were executed in two different periods. Hence, samples including all periods were collected. Basic physical properties, raw material compositions, chemical and mineralogical compositions and micro structures of the plaster layers were determined. Chemical and mineralogical compositions and the microstructure of the painting layers and weight loss of the binder due to heat were determined. These studies were carried out by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope, thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).Wall paintings were executed on fine lime plaster by using vegetable oils (linseed, walnut, poppy seed, etc.) by oil painting technique. Wall paintings of both periods were executed on fine lime plasters. Vegetable oil mixed with ZnO was used in the preparation of binding media. Priming layer over binding layer is composed of Anglesite (PbSO4) and vegetable oil. Pigments that gave the color to the paintings were executed on the priming layer and may be defined as green earth, lead red and iron oxide. Vandalism is an important effect in the deterioration of the paintings. Beside this, crack formation on the paint surfaces and disintegration of the fine plaster and paint layers due to the wetting drying cycles are observed. Deteriorations observed on paintings will be prevented by the consolidation of the structure and the control of the dampness.Keywords: Taxiarhis Church, Wall painting, Linseed oil, Oil painting, Cunda.Master Thesis Classification and Visual Analysis of Weathering Forms of Stone in Kadıkalesi, Kuşadası(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2005) Talu, Işıl; Böke, Hasan; Böke, HasanIdentification of the state of deterioration at stone monuments is one of the main steps, which should be carried out for planning of conservation studies.In recent years, most of the study concerning the classification and mapping of weathering forms observed at stone monuments have been carried out either by detailed classification or sketchy methods.Due to the large area of the archaeological site, identification of the weathering forms of stones and their progress should be done in easy and rapid way to decide urgent interventions. This study was aimed to propose a visual presentation technique for classification and mapping of weathering forms of stones that it could be applied easily in archeological sites. For this aim, a method has been developed in the archeological site of Kadıkalesi (Anaia). The method was derived from detailed and sketchy classification methods. Both methods were united in order to form an intermediary scale for the visual classification and mapping forms observed at stone monuments.The proposed method for classification and mapping of weathering forms of stone in this study would be suitable for archeological sites. The most frequently observed weathering form in Kadikalesi is biological colonization, which is major cause of the loss of stone blocks and fissures. The deposition of the soluble salts, which could be originated from soil and marine aerosols and clay minerals, which ensures suitable conditions for the biological growth, are the other major causes of the stone, brick and mortar deterioration. This study indicated that during and after excavation in an archeological site, deposited soil and soluble salts on the stone surfaces should be cleaned to prevent rapid deterioration. Repairing or sealing cracks, cavities of stones, hand pulling wild grass will also prevent rapid deterioration of stones by the formation of higher plants.