Master Degree / Yüksek Lisans Tezleri
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/3008
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Master Thesis Effect of Stone Column Soil Improvement on Liquefaction Resistance: Field and Numerical Study(01. Izmir Institute of Technology, 2023) Budak, Merve; Ecemiş Zeren, Nurhan; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyThis study aims to understand how effective the group of stone columns is in the liquefaction mitigation of loose silty sands. Stone columns have drainage properties that help dissipate pore water pressure under cyclic loading, so the technique is used to improve the behavior of the soil under cyclic loadings, such as earthquake loading. Several analytical, experimental, and numerical studies on the liquefaction mitigation of soils by stone columns are available in the literature. Analytical methods are usually directly or indirectly based on the results of field tests that reveal the effects of stone columns. More research is needed to identify the reduction of liquefaction by stone columns, as several variables control the percentage of soil liquefaction improvement in the field. In this study, the behavior of the group of stone columns is modeled by the finite difference method (FDM), where the field test data is used as an input. The pre and post-improvement soil data used in the analyses were obtained from cone penetration tests (CPT) performed in the field before and after the construction of the stone columns using the vibroflotation (wet bottom-feed) method. Then, the earthquake loading has been applied to the unimproved and improved soil models by the stone columns. Finally, under the earthquake loading, the percentage of the liquefaction resistance increase and the settlement of the loose silty sand under structural load after stone column construction is investigated.Master Thesis Numerical Modeling of the Filter Sand Performance in Embankment Dam Under Static and Dynamic Conditions(01. Izmir Institute of Technology, 2023) Karaoğlu, Aybüke; Ecemiş Zeren, Nurhan; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyThe filter material in embankment dams is a crucial part of the dam due to protecting the core material (usually clay) against internal erosion. Internal erosion is defined as the transportation of core material particles to the filter material by seepage flow. It is the main reason for the deformation and loss of resistance in the body and foundation of a dam. Therefore, it is a serious threat risk to embankment dams. To prevent internal erosion, it is necessary to accurately evaluate the interaction between water-filter material-core material during the dam's design and operation stages. A suitable filter material should be able to control and block cracks that can form in the core material. Terzaghi (1925) did the first research on filter material and proposed a criterion based on the particle size of a clay. Another detailed study was conducted by Sherard et al. (1989) who developed an experiment called No Erosion Filter Test (NEF Test) to comprehend the relationship between filter and core materials. NEF Test is seen as the most proper method to determine the critical filter which leans on the impermeable core material in the downstream side of an embankment dam. In the NEF test, the most severe condition that can occur is represented as an erosive leak from the core material to the filter material. Within the scope of this study, the internal erosion of the backfill used in the dam is studied through outflow rate and deformations in the base sample (clay). First, the samples taken from two embankment dams in Izmir (Kalabak Dam and Rahman Dam) were brought to the geotechnical laboratory of Izmir Institute of Technology (IZTECH), and the filter material was mixed with fine materials (silt) in different contents. A series of NEF Tests were performed in the IZTECH-geotechnical laboratory on the filter and core samples of Kalabak Dam within a TUBITAK Project No. 221M071 (Ecemis, 2023). Then, the performed NEF Tests were modeled by the finite difference method (FDM) using the Itasca-FLAC3D software. Finally, the outcomes of the numerical models were compared to experimental results. Numerical models had a good agreement to decide whether filter sand performance is successful or not.Master Thesis Experimental Study of Sheet Pile Retaining Walls With Granulated Rubber Reinforced Backfill(01. Izmir Institute of Technology, 2021) Khlaif, Ali Hamid Khlaif; Ecemiş Zeren, Nurhan; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyEarth retaining structures such as retaining walls, bridge abutment, bulkhead, braced excavation, and mechanically stabilized walls play a critical role in many infrastructural projects and are often subjected to different loading conditions. Performance of retaining walls under static and dynamic loading conditions depends upon the type of backfill soil. According to the European tire and rubber manufacturers’ Association (ETRMA) report about the end-of-life tyers management in 2017, Turkey recovers 0% of scrap tires in the civil engineering, public works, and backfilling category. This study aims at describing the ability to use granulated rubber sand mix as a backfill material in earth retaining structures. Therefore, physical model tests were conducted to investigate the deformation characteristics and pressure distribution of granulated rubber-sand mixture backfill behind the sheet pile. At dry and saturated conditions, granulated rubber-sand mixture backfill areas were changed in the physical model tests. Granulated rubber showed promising results that reduced the stiffness and density and increased the shear strength when used with sand. 6%, 8%, 10%, 12, and 15% granulated rubber mixing ratios have been tested using coarse and fine granulated rubber. The optimum ratio was 10% of finely granulated rubber. The maximum dry density reduced by 3.1%, and the maximum shear strength increased by 6.1%. When the granulated rubber-sand mix was used as a backfill, it reduced the lateral earth pressure and increased the water seepage under the sheet pile. The sheet pile model with granulated rubber sand mix backfill showed higher strength than the clean sand model.Master Thesis Field Investigation-Effect of Coefficient of Consolidation and Relative Density on Cone Penetration Resistance(01. Izmir Institute of Technology, 2021) Taneri, Hazal; Ecemiş Zeren, Nurhan; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyCoefficient of consolidation (ch) and relative density (Dr) are major parameters to explain soil behavior of silty sands. In this study, it was aimed to compare the effects of ch and Dr of drained, partially drained and undrained soils on cone penetration resistance and excess pore water pressure. Several field tests; piezocone penetration test (CPTu), standard penetration test (SPT), pore pressure dissipation test (PPDT) and direct push permeability test (DPPT) were conducted on the Northern side of the Izmir Gulf at 20 different locations in 2013 by Ecemis et al. At each location between Cigli and Karsiyaka tests were performed 2.6 m apart from each other. The cone resistance qc, the frictional resistance fs, and pore water pressure behind cone u2 were obtained from CPTu tests. During the investigation, the effect of ch obtained from PPDT and DPPT which were conducted at the same depths for each borehole could be examined. SPT tests were used to estimate the Dr of the soil. The disturbed soil samples collected from the boreholes were classified as poorly graded clean sand (SP) to silty sand (SM) and clayey sand (SC). Results showed that qc decreased and u2 increased as the non-dimensional penetration rate (T= vd/ch) increased at the same Dr. From drained to undrained penetration, limit values for the T were determined, and it was seen that T and Dr influenced qc and u2 from medium dense to loose silty sands. Also, it was observed that u2 will be negative for denser silty sands.Master Thesis Investigation on the Liquefaction Potential of Sand-Granulated Rubber Mixture That Used Around the Buried Pipes: Numerical Modeling and Developing(01. Izmir Institute of Technology, 2021) Valizadeh, Hadi; Ecemiş Zeren, Nurhan; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyRecently, the sand-granulated rubber mixture has been reported as a new soil improvement method that can be applied as a liquefaction mitigation filling material around the buried pipes. This study performed numerical modeling of liquefaction potential of tire-derived granulated rubber–sand mixture used around the buried pipes by the FLAC 2D software. The effects of pipe size, burial depth, and shaking intensity on the pipe uplift and the liquefaction potential of the sand-tire derived granulated rubber mixture placed around the buried pipes were investigated using the finite difference method. Furthermore, UBCSAND advanced soil constitutive model was used for liquefaction analysis. First, the result of 1-g shaking table tests was utilized for the verification of the numerical analysis. Comparing the numerical results and the experimental measurements showed that the numerical simulation using the UBCSAND constitutive model could accurately estimate the liquefaction-induced uplift of the buried pipes as well as the related failure. Then, a parametric study was conducted to investigate the effects of the pipe diameter, pipe depth, and the maximum acceleration on pipe uplift and liquefaction potential when the sand-granulated rubber mixture was placed as the filling material. Eventually, an analytical formula was proposed to estimate the liquefaction-induced uplift of buried pipes, and the soil failure mode was categorized according to the pipe's burial depth.Master Thesis Effect of Fines Content on Cpt Resistance in Silty Sands(01. Izmir Institute of Technology, 2021) Arık, Mustafa Sezer; Ecemiş Zeren, Nurhan; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyThe effect of fines content on cone penetration resistance and excess pore water pressure is not entirely known yet. In this study, CPTu, SCPT, and DPPT tests in a fixed wall laminar box were carried out to understand the effect of fines content with different relative densities on cone penetration resistance and excess pore water pressure in clean sand and sand with 5, 15, and 35 percent silty. This study was investigated by using the normalized penetration rate. The effect of normalized penetration rate accounted with penetration rate and coefficient of consolidation on drainage conditions and the value of transition from partially drained to drained conditions were investigated. According to the experimental data results, the effect of fines content on the coefficient of volume compressibility is minimal. However, as the fines content increase, the permeability and the coefficient of consolidation decrease considerably. The normalized cone penetration resistance decreases when the fines content increases in clean sand and silty sands at the same relative densities. When the relationship between normalized penetration rate and normalized cone penetration resistance is examined instead of only the fines at the same relative densities, the normalized cone penetration resistance decreased with the increasing normalized penetration rate. Due to a decrease in the coefficient of consolidation or an increase in the penetration rate, silty sands have a longer dissipation time of excess pore water pressure than clean sand. Hence, the clean sand remains drained, and the silty sands remain partially drained.Master Thesis A Case Study: Site-Specific Seismic Response Analysis for Base-Isolated Building in Düzce(01. Izmir Institute of Technology, 2020) Eren, Volkan Gökçe; Ecemiş Zeren, Nurhan; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyUnder seismic loads, soil-structure interaction, and its effect on performance of pavements is more important today. Turkey is located in one of the most active seismic zones in the world. In the past, many destructive earthquakes happened in Turkey. The fact is that due to frequent earthquakes in the future, we may suffer a significant loss of life and property. Therefore, it has been necessary to minimize demolitions by conducting soil behavior analysis for each site. To design buildings, bridges, and other structures with base-isolators according to performance, it is necessary to carefully evaluate the long-term ground motions, especially in determining the earthquake ground motion. In these evaluations, empirical and theoretical methods to predict the response spectrum, considering and analyzing the effects of the near-fault, scaling the spectrum for different damping ratios, and simulation of long-term ground motions time-history constitute an essential place. It is necessary to determine the principles required for modifying the design spectrum in the long-period boundaries. The regulations are required to simulate long-period ground motions in the time-history and the necessary rules for selecting and scaling the earthquake ground motion records by considering the long-period effect. In this thesis, commonly used approaches in national and international regulations in defining the earthquake effect were evaluated, and the recommended earthquake levels for structures within the Düzce city in Turkey are explained. While evaluating the earthquake hazard in the study area, the general geology, tectonic features, ground conditions, and existing fault systems of the region were considered. For the study area, besides the classical hazard spectra, hazard curves for different spectral ordinates that allow the calculation of probabilistic seismic hazard maps and spectral coordinates for various periods are presented. Earthquake records were selected according to these spectra, and nonlinear analyses were made by simulating earthquake data for structural analysis. Turkey Earthquake Building Regulations (TBDY, 2018) to determine the seismic design spectrum is considered.Master Thesis A Case Study on Settlement Analysis of Geothermal Power Plant Foundation(01. Izmir Institute of Technology, 2018) Elmas, Hakan; Elmas, Hakan; Ecemiş Zeren, Nurhan; 03.03. Department of Civil Engineering; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyFoundation settlement criteria are highly sensisitive for geothermal power plants. In geotechnical literature there are several settlement analyses which can be done by using elastic approaches, in-situ test results or numerical methods. Unfortunately, all these methods cannot give close results with each other. As a result, the unrepresentative analyses influence the safety, economy and time of the projects. In this study, the settlement of the geothermal power plant located in Aydın / İncirliova which constructed on a raft foundation was investigated. According to soil investigations, the raft foundation is located on multilayer soil profile and a compacted high qualified fill layer is placed under the raft foundation. Soil parameters were obtained from in-situ tests (standard penetration tests, cone penetration tests, pressuremeter tests and plate load test and) and laboratory experiments. Settlement results were obtained by 1D stress – strain analyses and 3D continuum numerical analyses (Hardening Soil Model with Small Strain Stiffness and Mohr Coulomb Soil Model) using the commercially available Settle 3D and Plaxis 3D software, respectively. The results of these analysis were also compared with the field monitoring data. The results show that Hardening Soil Model with Small Strain Stiffness gave more accurate result than other models due to the representation of real soil behavior, obtaining non-uniform stress distribution of foundation and obtaining effective stress depth accurately for settlement.