Master Degree / Yüksek Lisans Tezleri

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/3008

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Author: search.filters.author.Uğurlu Sağın, ElifSubject: search.filters.subject.Conservation and restoration

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  • Master Thesis
    Lime Mortar and Plaster Characteristics of Some Byzantine Period Buildungs in Kadıkalesi (anaia) and Ayasuluk Hill
    (Izmir Institute of Technology, 2022) Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; 02.01. Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage; 02. Faculty of Architecture; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology
    In this study, characteristics of lime mortars and plasters from Kadıkalesi and Ayasuluk were evaluated by considering the sites, construction periods, function, contained aggregate types. Results compared with Byzantine lime mortar studies. For this purpose, basic physical properties, raw material compositions, geological features, mineralogical and chemical compositions, hydraulic and microstructural properties were determined by RILEM standard test methods, SEM-EDS, XRD and TGA. Also, possible raw material provenances used in the production of mortars and plasters were determined. According to results, pure lime and pozzolanic aggregates were used in the production of these mortars and plasters. Lime/aggregate ratios may have differed as a result of the geological origins of aggregates and raw material resources. The mortars and plasters had hydraulic properties due to the pozzolanic aggregates. Natural aggregates consisted of different types of rocks with angular forms were obtained from breccia sources found in the Menderes Massif units. The differences in mineralogical and chemical compositions revealed that different raw material sources were used in Kadıkalesi and Ayasuluk. Natural aggregates of Kadıkalesi mortars may have been obtained from the mountain slopes of Büyük Menderes containing mostly carbonate rock fragments, while those Ayasuluk's may have been obtained from the mountain slopes of Küçük Menderes containing a high percentage of volcanic particles. Brick aggregates were produced at firing temperatures between 800−900°C using clay with low Ca content. In both sites, the physical properties, chemical, mineralogical compositions and hydraulic properties of lime mortars and plasters did not change significantly according to different construction periods and location of use in the building. The differences determined in their chemical and mineralogical compositions resulted from the type of aggregates used and the diversity of raw material sources. The use of mortars and plasters with similar properties in different periods revealed that the production technology had been transferred and maintained over the centuries, also suitable sources had been consciously chosen to produce hydraulic lime mortars and plasters.
  • Master Thesis
    Characteristics of Byzantine Period Building Bricks Used in St.jean Basilica (ayasuluk Hill) and Anaia Church (kadıkalesi)
    (01. Izmir Institute of Technology, 2022) Çam, Elif; Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; Uğurlu Sağın, Elif; 02.01. Department of Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage; 02. Faculty of Architecture; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology
    Fired bricks, one of the oldest man-made building materials, are historical documents that reflect the production technologies of their periods and the raw material characteristics of the geography they were located. Characterization of bricks is essential for revealing production techniques of their times and contributing to conservation works on monuments built with this material to pass through next generations. The fired bricks were frequently used as one of the important building materials in Byzantine Architecture. In this study, the fired bricks collected from the different construction periods of St. Jean Basilica, Ayasuluk Hill and Anaia Church, Kadıkalesi, which belong to the Byzantine Period, were investigated to determine material properties, periodical differences, and production technologies. The properties of Byzantine bricks were determined by standard test methods, compression tests, SEM-EDS, XRD, FTIR, and TGA analyses. According to the results, brick samples taken from both areas were highly porous and low-dense materials. Ca-poor clay source was used in producing St. Jean Basilica bricks, while Anaia Church bricks were produced with Ca-rich clay sources. This situation was decisive in the colour of bricks, and St. Jean Basilica bricks were in reddish colours, while Anaia Church bricks were in brown/beige colours. Also, raw material was extracted from a single source in the production of all St. Jean Basilica bricks, while two different sources were utilized for Anaia Church bricks throughout the three construction periods. Besides, the bricks of both churches were found to be fired at low temperatures (700–900°C) due to the technology of Byzantine kilns. Despite low firing temperatures, the majority of the bricks did not possess pozzolanic properties since they did not contain a sufficient amount of clay minerals. The highest mechanical strength was determined in the bricks with higher firing temperature and bricks with the higher calcium content. The properties of fired bricks were differentiated based on production technologies; contrary, a distinctive difference was not observed depending on their periods.