Master Degree / Yüksek Lisans Tezleri
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/3008
Browse
6 results
Search Results
Master Thesis L[+]-Lactic Acid Purification From Fermentation Broth Using Ion Exchange Resins(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2002) Polat, Zelal; Harsa, Hayriye ŞebnemLactic acid exists in two optically active form, D(-) and L(+)-lactic acid. It has been used in food, leather, textile, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Moreover, L(+)-lactic acid constitutes the raw material for the production of poly-L-lactic acid which is used in biomedical applications.The aim of this study was to recover and purify the microbially produced L(+)-lactic acid from the fermentation media efficiently and economically. Among the various downstream operations, ion exchange chromatography was used since it is highly selective and yields a low cost product recovery within a short period of time. The additional goals were to investigate the end product purity, to obtain new data on the adsorption/desorption behaviours of lactic acid and to investigate the applicability of the system for industrial usage. In this project, Lactobacillus casei NRRL B-441 was used for the production of L(+)-lactic acid from whey by a 12 hours fermentation process at pH 5.5 and 37 oC. The product concentration was 50 g/l with 100% L(+)-lactic acid content. Then, a suitable resin with high sorption capacity and rapid equilibrium behavior was selected. The selected resin was Dowex marathon WBA, a weakly basic anion exchanger in OH form. It reached the equilibrium state in 15 minutes. The batch sorption experiments were done at pH 7.0 and 30 oC and sampling was continued for 20 hours. Furthermore, the effect of temperature and pH was investigated and their influence was found to be unimportant. All the adsorption/desorption experiments were applied both to model lactic acid and to biomass free fermentation broth. The ion exchange equilibria of lactic acid and L(+)-lactic acid in fermentation broth on Dowex marathon WBA were explained by the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum exchange capacity (qm) for model lactic acid was 0.25 g La/g wet resin, while L(+)-lactic acid in fermentation broth has a qm value of 0.04 g La/g wet resin. The equilibrium loading and exchange efficiency of L(+)-lactic acid in fermentation broth were reduced as a result of competition by other ionic species. The competing ions inhibit the binding of L(+)-lactic acid to the free sites of ion exchanger. Moreover, column operations were applied to recover sorbed lactic acid from the ion exchanger. 2.0 M HCl was found to be a suitable eluting agent to recover the bound L(+)-lactic acid with a flowrate of 1 ml/min at ambient temperature. About 95 % of bound L(+)-lactic acid was recovered from Dowex marathon WBA.Master Thesis Determination of Aroma Compounds and Exopolysaccharides Formation by Lactic Acid Bacteri Isolated From Traditional Yogurts(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2007) Çelik, Elif Sinem; Korel, FigenYogurt, consumed widely around the world, is a fermented milk product as a result of the lactic acid fermentation by addition of starter cultures containing Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus. The most important criteria for yogurt production is the selection of starter cultures since each culture affects the end-product quality differently. Our natural flora and traditional flavor have been continously changing due to the introduction of imported commercial starter cultures. Because of the necessity to preserve our natural starter cultures and to increase the availability of them for industrial use, these cultures must be isolated from artisanal yogurts, genetically characterized and investigated regarding their technological properties. Aims of our study were to determine the technological and organoleptic properties of starter cultures previously isolated and genetically characterized and to assess the feasibility of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for determining the yogurt quality.Total of 20 different yogurt samples were produced using combinations of 5 Streptococcus thermophilus and 4 Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus strains. Yogurt samples were stored at 4 °C for 21 days. Chemical, physical, microbial and organoleptic analyses for samples were conducted at predetermined days.As a conclusion, it was found that 4 Streptococcus thermophilus and 4 Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus yogurt isolates have potential to be used in dairy industry regarding their high technological and organoleptic characteristics. In addition, NIR spectroscopy technique could be used successfully on yogurt samples to predict total solids, fat, pH, syneresis, and microbial counts of yogurts based on the calibration models (Genetic Algoritm).Master Thesis Production of B-Galactosidase Using Lactic Acid Bacteria and Optimisation of Fermentation Parametters(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2007) Üstok, Fatma Işık; Tari, CananFood grade thermostable B -galactosidase preparations are always in demand for a number of industrial applications. Thermostable -galactosidases from LAB having a neutral pH-optimum can be safely used to reduce the lactose content of milk for the lactose intolerant people. In this study, -galactosidase was produced with high productivities by novel Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus strains isolated from traditional Turkish yogurt samples in Toros mountain region. A full factorial statistical design was used separately for Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus strains in screening experiments. Among the strains, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus 77 and Streptococcus thermophilus 95/2 were found to have high potential for B-galactosidase and lactic acid production, therefore these were used in the further optimisation studies.The efficiency of different cell disruption methods was investigated on the extraction of -galactosidase. Among these, lysozyme enzyme treatment was determined as the most effective method. Optimisation studies were carried out using response surface methodology to optimize fermentation conditions for pure strains as well as for mixed ones. Therefore, symbiotic relationship between St 95/2 and Lb 77 were investigated as well. Symbiotic relationship provided 39% and 6.1 % more -galactosidase activity and 44 % and 9.73 % more lactic acid production when compared to the optimisation results of pure strains Lb 77 and St 95/2, respectively.Overall, characterization studies showed that enzymes obtained from these strains can be considered as food grade and thermostable since they are obtained from thermophile, food originated novel LAB of local microflora.Master Thesis Effects of Trace Elements on the Production of Baker's Yeast(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2002) Üzelyalçın, Berna; Harsa, Hayriye ŞebnemBaker.s yeast has been used widely in traditional bakeries to produce different kinds of baked products and for many biotechnological purposes. The principal raw materials used in producing baker.s yeast are the pure yeast culture and molasses. Cane molasses and beet molasses contain 45 to 55 % sugar in the forms of sucrose, glucose, and fructose. Molasses, which is a rich carbon and mineral source, contains most of the nutrients and minerals required for baker.s yeast production. Nutrients and trace elements (magnesium, copper and zinc) that are not present in sufficient quantities in molasesses are added to the fermentation medium. In this study, the effects of Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ on baker.s yeast production were investigated. The method of Food Composition Laboratory (FCL), Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, US, was used for the preparation of the fermentation samples prior to ICP-AES analysis. The concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ were determined in the raw materials entering the fermentors and the products. FCL digestion method was evaluated on precision and accuracy; linear standard curves were obtained for the studied concentration ranges of Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+. Standard addition curves for each element in 45 brix molasses and dry yeast samples were constructed and spike recovery percentages were calculated. High spike recovery percentages were obtained for all elements in both dry yeast and molasses with the FCL method. In industrial fermentations, uptakes of Ca2+, Cu2+, Mg2+ and Zn2+ by the yeast cells were calculated as mg/kg dry yeast at 4h time intervals. The uptake rates were evaluated based on the available element concentration in the medium and the uptake of the elements. Results showed that, as the uptake of Ca2+ increased with time, uptake of Mg2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ decreased. The yeast cells used the available elements with decreasing uptake rates except Ca2+. During the first hours of fermentation, uptake rates were high. The maximum uptake rates observed for each element in two different industrial fermentations were: 17.73-23.32 mg Cu2+/ kg dry yeast cells , 195.64-413.46 mg Zn2+ / kg dry yeast cells, 2106.46-2051.74 mg Mg2+ / kg dry yeast cells. Ion concentrations of biomass in industrial fermentations revealed that same amounts of Mg were taken by the cell from the fermentation medium under similar conditions. This was verified by the studies done in lab-scale using pure culture of S.cerevisiae, grown on different concentrations of Mg2+. It was found that uptake of Mg2+ was constant and very close to the uptake values of industrial fermentations. 806.7 mM Mg2+ was taken by 1 kg of dry yeast cells. This is in agreement with the stated Mg2+ uptake concentration range 500-1000 mM of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in literature. In the industry, magnesium is added in the form of Mg.SO4.7H2O to the fermentation medium. SO42- ions coming from the MgSO4.7H2O cause settling problems in the waste treatment system of the plant. Generally, molasses contain sufficient concentration of Mg2+ ions required for baker.s yeast production in the industrial scale. Since Mg2+ has toxic effects at high concentrations and its addition is increasing the cost of the process and causing difficulties in the waste treatment of the plant, it may be concluded that addition of Mg2+ as MgSO4.7H2O to the fermentation medium should be done after determining the Mg2+ concentration of molasses. Instead of using excessive amounts of MgSO4.7H2O, only the required quantity should be added to the fermentation medium.Master Thesis Determination of Whey-Based Medium Requirements and Growth Characteristics for the Production of Yoghurt Starter Cultures(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2008) Soydemir, Elçin; Harsa, Hayriye ŞebnemYoghurt is an important dairy product which is produced by thermophilic starter cultures including; Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. They grow synergistically in milk by acidifying milk, produce specific aroma compounds and lactic acid which impact the quality of the yoghurt. Imported cultures are widely used in dairy industry to stabilize the technological properties which cause a change in our natural flora and flavour. Starters from traditional yoghurts have to be preserved. Under this perspective, the aim of this study was to determine the medium requirements of mixed starter cultures for production of starter bacteria which has been isolated and characterized before.Determination of medium requirements were done in a whey-based media. Since bacteriophages were one of the most important problem in dairy industry, to prevent cultures from phage adsorption, media was treated with different salts which can bind free calcium ions. Salts were examined for cell viability and phage infection effects.From these studies Na2HPO4 + KH2 PO4 with 2% of medium addition was chosen as the most effective. Mineral requirements of the mixed cultures were determined. The best combination; 10, 5, 50 ppm for Fe2+, Mn2+, Mg2+ ions with 0,939 desirability were used for initial mineral content of medium. Fermentation constants for mixed cultures were determined. Pure culture fermentations and mixed culture fermentations were performed. According to results mixed culture inoculations gave higher maximum specific growth rates; 0,9188h-1 and 0,7323h-1 for cocci and bacilli while 0,855h-1 and 0,659h-1 were obtained for cocci and bacilli from single strain fermentations.Master Thesis Bioethanol Production From Fungal Sources Using Low-Cost Agro-Industrial Waste Products(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2012) Evcan, Ezgi; Tarı, Canan; Özen, Fatma BanuIn recent years, the rapid increase in environmental problems, greenhouse gas emissions, fuel prices and the unlimited consumption of fuel stocks made people search for some alternative energy sources. Bioethanol is one of the most popular alternative sources with its many beneficial features. Considering the sugar content of fruit pomaces, which are the waste of fruit juice industry, are very convenient and cheap fermentation raw materials for production of bioethanol. The aim of this study was to create a renewable alternative for fossil fuel and to provide a viable solution to multiple environmental problems simultaneously creating a sink for waste utilization and optimize bioethanol production from apple pomace hydrolysate using Trichoderma harzianum, Aspergillus sojae and Saccharomyces cerevisiae by statistical methods. Here, screening and optimization steps were conducted in order to determine the significant factors and their optimum levels. Factors such as inoculation rate of A.sojae and T.harzianum and agitation speed were considered as factor variables, whereas the response variable was bioethanol production. According to the results of the screening process, inoculation rate of S.cerevisiae was fixed as 4% and aeration method as vented. In the optimization step, levels of the other factors were enlarged. The highest bioethanol production and yield on substrate were 8.748 g/l and 0.946, respectively. Higher concentrations of inoculation rates of T.harzianum and A.sojae (6%) and agitation speed of 200 rpm led to maximum bioethanol production. Furthermore, the results pointed out that using cocultures because of its synergistic interactions is an effective way for production of bioethanol.