Master Degree / Yüksek Lisans Tezleri
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/3008
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Master Thesis Spectroscopic Determination of Vegetable Oiland Biodiesel in Petroleum Diesel Using Mulitivariate Calibration(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2008) Arıkan, Aysun; Özdemir, Durmuş; Özdemir, Durmuş; 04.01. Department of Chemistry; 04. Faculty of Science; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyDue to the limited petroleum reserves and pollutant effect of petroleum fuels, the use of alternative fuels has became important in recent years. Diesel is one of the most used petroleum fuel, whose exhaust emissions composed of harmful particles, that pollutes the environment. In this sense, vegetable oils and their esters (biodiesel) are considered environmentally friendly fuels, which reduce hazardous impact of diesel emissions. However, using vegetable oils directly in diesel engines may cause some engine problems due to their high viscosity. The most commonly used way to reduce their viscosity is the converting into biodiesel. Because biodiesel production is expensive and time consuming, diesel may be illegally adulterated with vegetable oils before converting into biodiesel.Diesel may also adulterated with kerosene due to the large price differences. The main impact of this adulteration is increased emissions, which damage the environment. On the other hand, the addition of kerosene may also damage the engine. Because of these reasons, it is important to determine these adulterants illegally present in petroleum diesel. In this study, we have determined the adulteration of diesel with sunflower, canola oil, used frying oil, kerosene, and biodiesel by different molecular spectroscopic techniques combined to genetic inverse least squares (GILS). The results showed that the GILS method is suitable in the fast determination of diesel adulteration with vegetable oils, used frying oil, kerosene, and biodiesel when combined to NIR, FTIR-ATR, and molecular spectroscopic techniques.Master Thesis Biodiesel Production From Safflower Using Heterogeneous Cao Based Catalysts(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2012) Yalman, Emir; Şeker, Erol; Şeker, Erol; 03.02. Department of Chemical Engineering; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyIn this study, the activities of heterogeneous mixed oxide catalyst; calcium oxide on alumina was investigated in the transesterification of canola and safflower vegetable oils to produce biodiesel, i.e. methyl esters. The primary goal of this study is to understand the effect of calcination temperature and calcium oxide (CaO) loading on the conversion activity of calcium oxide on alumina in the transesterification of canola and safflower vegetable oils. The mixed oxide catalyst was prepared by a modified single step sol-gel method. Calcium oxide was chosen because of its well known basic property. This study shows that calcium oxide on alumina catalysts having high CaO dispersion, calcined at high temperature, gave high biodiesel yields even under the reaction conditions, such as low reaction temperature, 50 °C, 9 of methanol/Oil molar ratio, 6 wt. % of catalyst/oil, and also short biodiesel reaction time, such as 4 – 10 minutes in the transesterification of safflower and canola oils. Also, it was observed that 70% CaO/Al2O3 catalyst when calcined at 700 °C was the most active catalyst among all the catalysts prepared in this study. Moreover, the reusability of CaO/Al2O3 demonstrated that ~20 – 250 ppm of Ca was lost during the reaction and the amount of Ca cation leaching depended on the reaction time, CaO loading and the calcination temperature. Also, it was found that Ca cation loss occurred during the reaction did not hinder the activity of the catalysts, which was found by the reusing the catalysts for couple times. Besides, when the biodiesel yield was higher than 70%, the system was influenced by external mass transfer limitation.