Civil Engineering / İnşaat Mühendisliği
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/13
Browse
107 results
Filters
Settings
Search Results
Review Citation - WoS: 14Citation - Scopus: 25Sustainability of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: From Prehistoric Times To the Present Times and the Future(MDPI, 2023) Angelakis, Andreas N.; Capodaglio, Andrea G.; Passchier, Cees W.; Valipour, Mohammad; Krasilnikoff, Jens; Tzanakakis, Vasileios A.; Suermelihindi, Guel; Baba, AlperContaminated water and poor sanitation are associated with disease transmission. Absent, inadequate, or improperly managed water resources and sanitation systems expose individuals to preventable health risks. Billions of people lack access to these basic services today and will remain in this condition for decades to come. As we are usually thinking and talking about water, sanitation and hygiene services have changed. Looking back at the history of water, sanitation, and hygiene can help us understand the challenges and opportunities of these issues and draw lessons to achieve sustainable development in the future. Throughout history, civilizations have successfully experimented with treating water and using it for drinking, sanitation, and agriculture. For example, the Minoan civilizations originally focused on water treatment and cleaning to improve the aesthetic properties of drinking water. During prehistoric times, Minoan and Indus Valley civilizations, dating back to about 2000 BC, were the first to focus on the treatment of water supplies. From the early Minoan period, they relied on rainwater collection. During historic times, Hippocrates was the first to invent and used a water filter in the form of a cloth bag, at about 400 BC, known today as the Hippocrates Sleeve. The Romans perfected existing water technologies on a larger scale and initiated their spread throughout the Empire. Hygiene in ancient Rome was promoted by the famous public baths and toilets, which were supplied with water through widely branched aqueducts that had a high standard of cleanliness for the time and were regularly maintained.Review Citation - WoS: 25Citation - Scopus: 35Evolution of Floods: From Ancient Times To the Present Times (ca 7600 Bc To the Present) and the Future(MDPI, 2023) Angelakis, Andreas N.; Capodaglio, Andrea G.; Valipour, Mohammad; Krasilnikoff, Jens; Ahmed, Abdelkader T.; Mandi, Laila; Tzanakakis, Vasileios A.; Kumar, Rohitashw; Min, Zhang; Han, Mooyoung; Bashiru, Turay; Derkas, Nicholas; Baba, Alper; Bilgiç, EsraFloods are one of the most dangerous natural disasters, causing great destruction, damage, and even fatalities worldwide. Flooding is the phenomenon of a sudden increase or even slow increase in the volume of water in a river or stream bed as the result of several possible factors: heavy or very long precipitation, melting snowpack, strong winds over the water, unusually high tides, tsunamis, or the failure of dams, gages, detention basins, or other structures that hold back water. To gain a better understanding of flooding, it is necessary to examine evidence, search for ancient wisdom, and compare flood-management practices in different regions in a chronological perspective. This study reviews flood events caused by rising sea levels and erratic weather from ancient times to the present. In addition, this review contemplates concerns about future flood challenges and possible countermeasures. Thus, it presents a catalogue of past examples in order to present a point of departure for the study of ancient floods and to learn lessons for preparation for future flood incidents including heavy rainfalls, particularly in urbanized areas. The study results show that ancient societies developed multifaceted technologies to cope with floods and many of them are still usable now and may even represent solutions and measures to counter the changing and increasingly more erratic weather of the present.Article Çanakkale-Ayvacık deprem fırtınasının (14 Ocak-20 Mart 2017) sismik kaynakları(Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi, 2018) Sözbilir, Hasan; Uzel, Bora; Sümer, Ökmen; Eski, Sümer; Softa, Mustafa; Tepe, Çiğdem; Özkaymak, Çağlar; Baba, AlperBu çalışmada, 14 Ocak 2017 ile 20 Mart 2017 tarihleri arasında Çanakkale-Ayvacık çevresinde meydana gelen depremlerin (Mw=5.3 ve daha küçük 1000’e yakın deprem) sismik kaynakları Şubat-Mart 2017 tarihleri arasında yapılan saha çalışmalarıyla 1/25.000 ölçeğinde haritalanmış ve ilgili faylarda kinematik analiz çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Haritalama çalışmalarımıza göre, oluşan depremlerin sismik kaynağı olan Tuzla Fayı’nın toplam uzunluğu (deniz altındaki uzantısıyla birlikte) 25 km’ye erişir ve Çamköy ile Paşaköy segmenti olarak adlandırılan iki segmentten yapılıdır. 15 km uzunluğundaki Çamköy segmenti, Tuzla Köyü’nün kuzeybatısındaki sahilden itibaren güneydoğuya doğru Tamış köyü güneybatısına kadar haritalanmıştır. 10 km uzunluğundaki Paşaköy segmenti ise, Kolfay Köyü’nden başlar ve güneydoğuya doğru Behram Köyü doğusunda Edremit Fayı ile birleşir. Şimdiye kadar oluşan depremlerin önemli bir bölümü KB-GD uzanımlı Tuzla Fayı’nın deformasyon zonu boyunca ve fayın düşen bloğu üzerindeki Tuzla Köyü ile Assos arasındaki bölgede meydana gelmiştir ve Tuzla Fayına ait Çamköy segmentinin kırıldığını göstermektedir. Henüz kırılmayan Paşaköy segmenti ise Mw=6.18büyüklüğündeki bir deprem üretme potansiyeline sahiptir. Tarafımızdan yapılan haritalama çalışmalarına göre, iki segmente ait fay kolları Tamış Köyü güneyinde birbirine oldukça yaklaşmış bulunmaktadır. Tuzla Fayına ait iki segmentin birleşerek tek bir deprem üretmesi halinde, Mw=6.7 büyüklüğündeki bir depreme karşılık gelen enerjinin açığa çıkabileceği öngörülebilir. Depremlerin zaman ve mekân içerisindeki dağılımları ve büyüklükleri, tek bir ana şoka bağlı olarak gelişmediklerini, birbirine paralel-yarı paralel fay kollarının birbirini tetiklemesi sonucunda oluşan bir deprem fırtınası özelliği taşıdıklarına işaret etmektedir. Bu durum, Çamköy segmentinin birbirine bağlı sintetik ve antitetik nitelikli çok sayıda fay parçası içermesinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu fay kollarına ait kinematik veriler, Tuzla Havzası’nın KD-GB doğrultusunda gelişen çekme kuvvetleri etkisinde şekillendiğini göstermektedir.Article Citation - WoS: 40Citation - Scopus: 47Boron in Geothermal Energy: Sources, Environmental Impacts, and Management in Geothermal Fluid(Elsevier, 2022) Mott, A.; Baba, Alper; Hadi Mosleh, Mojgan; Ökten, Hatice Eser; Babaei, Masoud; Gören, Ayşegül Yağmur; Feng, C.; Recepoğlu, Yaşar Kemal; Uzelli, Taygun; Uytun, Hüseyin; Morata, Diego; Yüksel Özşen, AslıThe problem of hazardous chemicals in geothermal fluid is a critical environmental concern in geothermal energy developments. Boron is among the hazardous contaminants reported to be present at high concentrations in geothermal fluids in various countries. Poor management and inadequate treatment of geothermal fluids can release excessive boron to the environment that has toxic effects on plants, humans, and animals. Despite the importance of boron management in geothermal fluid, limited and fragmented resources exist that provide a comprehensive understanding of its sources, transport and fate, and the treatment strategies in geothermal energy context. This paper presents the first critical review from a systematic and comprehensive review on different aspects of boron in geothermal fluid including its generation, sources, toxicity, ranges and the management approaches and treatment technologies. Our research highlights the origin of boron in geothermal water to be mainly from historical water-rock interactions and magmatic intrusion. Excessive concentrations of boron in geothermal fluids have been reported (over 500 mg/L in some case studies). Our review indicated that possible boron contamination in geothermal sites are mostly due to flawed construction of production/re-injection wells and uncontrolled discharge of geothermal water to surface water. The dominancy of non-ionic H3BO3 species makes the selection of the suitable treatment method for geothermal waters limited. Combining boron selective resins and membrane technologies, hybrid systems have provided effluents suitable for irrigation. However, their high energy consumption and course structure of boron selective resins encourage further research to develop cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternatives.Article Citation - WoS: 4Citation - Scopus: 12Carbon Dioxide Emissions Mitigation Strategy Through Enhanced Geothermal Systems: Western Anatolia, Turkey(Springer, 2022) Chandrasekharam, Dornadula; Baba, AlperAlthough Turkey is not the biggest GHG polluter, its emissions have increased by 110.4% since 1990. Currently, its CO2 emissions alone have crossed 400 Mt. Within the scope of 2 °C targets (2D scenario), the country can easily surpass this target test by increasing its renewable energy sources as a primary energy source mix, by developing its Enhanced Geothermal Sources (EGS) locked up in the radiogenic granites of western Anatolia. The radiogenic heat generated by these granites, spread over an area of 4221 sq. km, varies from 5.3 to 16.34 µW/m3. Based on the electricity generation capacity of granites from Soultz-sous-Forets and Cooper Basin EGS sites, the combined electricity generation capacity of Kestanbol and Kozak granite plutons is about 830 billion kWh. For the period extending from 2019 to 2023, Turkey is aiming at reducing the usage of gas for electricity generation from 29.9 to 20.7%, increasing the share of renewable energy sources from 32.5 to 38.8%, increasing the electricity production from local energy sources from 150 to 219 TWh and increasing the electricity usage per-capita from 3.7 to 4.3 MWh. These energy targets can be achieved by major contributions from hydrothermal and EGS energy sources. This review demonstrates that besides electricity and heat, EGS energy can be utilized, together with other renewable energy sources, such as hydrothermal, wind, and concentrated solar for providing fresh water through the desalination process. These energy sources would provide food, energy, and water security to the country for several decades.Article Citation - WoS: 3Citation - Scopus: 5Use of Geothermal Fluid for Agricultural Irrigation: Preliminary Studies in Balçova-Narlıdere Geothermal Field (turkey)(2021) Meriç, M. Kamil; Kukul, Yasemin Senem; Özçakal, Emrah; Barlas, N. Tuba; Çakıcı, Hakan; Jarma, Yakubu Abdullahi; Kabay, Nalan; Baba, AlperBalçova-Narlıdere Geothermal Field (BNGF) hosts the largest geothermal district heating system of Turkey and several geothermal wells used for district heating and thermal tourism activities. This study assesses the use of BNGF geothermal fluid for agricultural activities. The spent geothermal brine was treated using nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes on a pilot-scale membrane test system. The qualities of the product were evaluated in terms of agricultural irrigation integrated with the implemented innovative wireless sensor network. It is important to use geothermal fluid, which is consists of valuable minerals, for irrigation. But when using geothermal fluid in irrigation, the chemical composition of the water must be carefully monitored to prevent damage to the plants. Nevertheless, the first result shows that the use of geothermal fluid to irrigate is proving to be a promising and economically viable option in BNGF.Article Citation - WoS: 8Citation - Scopus: 8Structural Controls and Hydrogeochemical Properties of Geothermal Fields in the Varto(TÜBİTAK Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2021) Uzelli, Taygun; Sener, Mehmet Furkan; Dolek, Iskender; Baba, Alper; Sozbilir, Hasan; Dirik, Ramazan KadirVarto and the surrounding region have important geothermal fields, developing in strike-slip tectonic setting in East Anatolia, which resulted from the collision of the Arabian and Eurasian plates. The main structural elements in the area are the NE-trending sinistral and NW-trending dextral strike-slip fault segments and N-S trending extension zones. In order to determine fault-controlled geothermal circulation, it is very important to fully characterize the structural elements in these complex environments. The widely distributed volcanic rocks have fracture and crack systems that play an important role in surface infiltration, geothermal fluid, and groundwater circulation. Especially in areas where the fault segments intersect, hot springs outlets and natural resources easily come to the surface. In order to understand the flow paths of geothermal fluid along the faults in these geothermal systems, it is necessary to determine the stress state of the faults and to map the distribution of the structural elements. For this reason, we conducted a detailed study on the Varto Fault Zone, which has important geothermal fields in Eastern Anatolia. We present conceptual models of the geothermal fields in the Varto region that show favorable geothermal activity on the intersecting fault segments, fault bends, step-overs, and accompanying fracture-crack sets. As a result, we emphasize that the planes of strike-slip faults in transtensional areas are more favorable for secondary permeability and enhances the geothermal fluid circulation, and this can be supported by hydrogeochemical data.Article Citation - WoS: 4Citation - Scopus: 15Effects of Seismic Activity on Groundwater Level and Geothermal Systems in İzmir, Western Anatolia, Turkey: the Case Study From October 30, 2020 Samos Earthquake(TÜBİTAK - Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, 2021) Uzelli, Taygun; Bilgiç, Esra; Öztürk, Bahadır; Baba, Alper; Sözbilir, Hasan; Tatar, OrhanThe October 30, 2020 Samos earthquake (Mw 6.6) affected the Aegean Sea and environs, caused destruction and loss of life in the city of İzmir located 70 km away from the earthquake epicenter. Before this earthquake, water resources were monitored in the areas of Bayraklı, Gülbahçe, and Seferihisar. For this purpose, 10 groundwater monitoring wells were drilled in the Bayraklı area, where groundwater level, temperature, and electrical conductivity changes were monitored at 1-h intervals in 5 wells. Besides physical parameters such as groundwater levels, temperatures and electrical conductivities, hydrogeochemical cations, and anions measured in the study area. Change in the groundwater levels was observed before, during, and after the Samos earthquake. A trend of rising groundwater level was observed two days before the mainshock, to a height of 10 cm, and the level was maintained till the end of the earthquake. The water levels returned to its original height after about 7 to 10 days of the earthquake. Moreover, electrical conductivity (EC) values were changed because of the interaction with the surrounding rocks and well walls, mixing with different waters during the earthquake shaking. The essential anomalies were observed in the geothermal fields of Gülbahçe and Seferihisar. Due to this earthquake, new geothermal springs emerged along the NE-SW trending Gülbahçe and Tuzla faults, located about 50 to 20 km from the Samos earthquake epicenter, respectively. The new geothermal waters are in Na-Cl composition and similar to other geothermal springs in the region. While the recorded water temperatures in the new geothermal springs vary from 40 to 45 °C in Seferihisar, it was measured between 35 and 40 °C in Gülbahçe. Due to these anomalies, it is found essential to monitor the effect of the earthquake on the physical and chemical characteristics of the groundwater and its usefulness in earthquake predictions.Article Alaşehir Alt Havzasının (gediz Havzası, Batı Anadolu) Nem Değişimi Yöntemine Göre Yeraltısuyu Besleniminin Değerlendirilmesi(2021) Durukan, Seda; Şimşek, Celalettin; Tonkul, Serhat; Baba, Alper; Tayfur, GökmenGediz havzası Ege Bölgesinin en önemli havzalarından biridir. Çalışma alanı Gediz havzası içerisinde bulunan Alaşehir alt havzasıdır. Bu çalışma kapsamında Alaşehir alüvyon akifere çok sayıda araştırma kuyusu açılmış olup, araştırma kuyularında zemin karakterizasyonu belirlenmiş ve bazı kuyulara da zemin nem sensörleri konumlandırılarak yeraltısuyu beslenimi hesaplanmıştır. Doygun olmayan bölgedeki zeminlerde nem değişim yöntemi ile yağıştan sonra zemin nem değişimleri belirlenerek yağıştan beslenme miktarı tespit edilebilmektedir. Bu kapsamda alüvyon akifere 5 farklı noktada özel açılan kuyularda 5, 10 ve 15 m derinliklerde nem sensörleri vasıtası ile zemin nemi, sıcaklığı ve tuzluluğu ölçülmüştür. Çalışma alanında seçilen kuyularda zeminin suya doygun olmayan bölgesinde gerçekleştirilen hacimsel su içeriklerine göre mevsimsel değişiklikleri ortaya konulmuş ve yağıştan kaynaklanan beslenme miktarı belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen ölçümler sonucunda, çalışma alanındaki alüvyon akiferdeki yeraltısuyu beslenimi en az 40,81 ile en çok 77,12 mm olacak şekilde, ortalama olarak da 56,83 mm hesaplanmıştır. Ayrıca, ilk kez derin kuyular vasıtası ile yeraltısuyu besleniminde kullanılan zemin nem değişim yönteminin limitasyonları da bu çalışma kapsamında tartışılmıştır.Article Citation - WoS: 55Citation - Scopus: 67Desalination: From Ancient To Present and Future(MDPI, 2021) Angelakis, Andreas N.; Valipour, Mohammad; Choo, Kwang-Ho; Ahmed, Abdelkader T.; Baba, Alper; Kumar, Rohitashw; Toor, Gurpal S.Water is life, and without water, there would be no civilizations and a vacant Earth. Water is considered an abundant natural resource on the earth. Water covers 3/4 of the surface. However, 97% of the available water on the earth is salty oceanic water, and only a tiny fraction (3%) is freshwater. This small portion of the available water supplies the needs of humans and animals. However, freshwater exists in underground, rivers, and lakes and is insufficient to cover all the world's water demands. Thus, water saving, water reuse, rainwater harvesting, stormwater utilization, and desalination are critical for maintaining water supplies for the future of humanity. Desalination has a long history spanning centuries from ancient times to the present. In the last two decades, desalination has been rapidly expanding to meet water needs in stressed water regions of the world. Yet, there are still some problems with its implementation in several areas of the world. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of the history of desalination for wiser and smarter water extraction and uses to sustain and support the water needs of the earth's inhabitants.