Civil Engineering / İnşaat Mühendisliği
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Article Citation - WoS: 1Citation - Scopus: 2Geothermal Power Corridor-Connecting the Middle East Countries(Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Mudurlugu-mta, 2023) Chandrasekharam, DornadulaThe Middle East economy and life depend on imports, be it food, water, or energy, despite each country in the region having enormous energy resources to exploit and reduce dependency on countries outside the region and develop a socioeconomic model of regional cooperation and synergy. An estimated 371 TWh of electricity available from geothermal energy resources can be utilized by these countries to support basic needs and be free from food-energy-water imports by sharing their energy resources. The total amount of CO2 emissions from these countries is currently 945 x 106 kg, so these countries can further earn about 92 million euros from carbon savings, by using geothermal energy along this corridor. This amount can be utilized for augmenting the energy supply from geothermal sources. In this work, the available geothermal resources are evaluated, and suggestions are made how this energy can be best utilized for peaceful existence and cooperation in the region.Article Citation - WoS: 6Citation - Scopus: 7Magnetotelluric Investigations Over Geothermal Provinces of India: an Overview(TÜBİTAK - Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, 2023) Prabhala, Bhaskhara Venkata Subba Rao; Pachigolla, Venkata Vijaya Kumar; Chandrasekharam, Dornadula; Deshmukh, Vasu; Singh, Ajay KishoreMagnetotelluric (MT) and audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) studies are sensitive to the geothermal fluids filling the faults and/ or fracture zones of the geothermal system. In India, MT/AMT studies have been carried out in NW Himalayas, central, eastern, and western India. In other areas, detailed MT/AMT studies need to be expedited. This review paper presents the art of geothermal exploration in India by using MT/AMT techniques and identifies potential zones that can be exploited for power generation and direct application. Reservoir characteristics, carbon emissions reduction methods, and levelised cost factor are also discussed. © TÜBİTAK.Article Citation - WoS: 8Citation - Scopus: 11Geothermal Potential of Granites: Case Study- Kaymaz and Sivrihisar (eskisehir Region) Western Anatolia(Elsevier, 2022) Chandrasekharam, Dornadula; Baba, Alper; Ayzit, Tolga; Singh, Hemant K.Radiogenic granites are gaining importance due to their ability to generate a substantial amount of electricity and support the advancement of agricultural and water sectors. In the western Anatolian region, such granites occupy a cumulative area of 6910 km2 varying from 7 to 20 μW/m3, far above the heat generated by the average continental crust of 5 μW/ m3. One cubic. The granite plutons of the Eskisehir region are amongst such granites with radioactive heat generation kilometer of such granite can generate 79 × 106 kWh of electricity. In the present case, the Eskisehir granites are capable of generating 616 million kWh of carbon-free electricity. Besides electricity, the heat from the granites can be utilized for space heating and greenhouse cultivation. This energy can also be utilized for the generation of fresh water from the sea through the desalination process. Hydrofracturing of the granites to create a fracture network connecting injection and production well is being replaced with closed-loop system that do not require knowledge about the stress pattern of the region and reduce the risk of induced micro-seismicity that was a bottleneck for developing EGS projects. Although the currently estimated cost of electricity generated from EGS projects is 9 euro cents/kWh, this cost will get reduced due to technological development in drilling technology. The Western Anatolian region has an additional advantage over the cost, since the drilling depth to capture the heat from the granites is shallow (∼3 km) which gives further benefit to the cost due to the reduction in drilling depth cost. In addition to high radiogenic granites, the presence of curie point temperature at shallow depth, high heat flow, and high geothermal gradient makes this region a warehouse of energy making Turkey energy-food and water independent in the future.Article Citation - WoS: 29Citation - Scopus: 40Geothermal Resources for Sustainable Development: a Case Study(Wiley, 2022) Baba, Alper; Chandrasekharam, DornadulaTurkey's primary energy source is fossil fuels, with a contribution of 55%. According to the International Energy Agency forecast, fossil fuels will continue to be the primary energy source for the next decade. The current CO2 emissions from fossil fuel-based energy are 400 Mt. If the present energy usage trend continues, then the emissions will cross 500 Mt by 2030. However, Turkey has large scope to mitigate climate-related issues and follow sustainable development agenda by increasing the share of geothermal energy as a primary energy source mix. The country established a strong geothermal energy program in 1984 by installing a 17 MWe geothermal power plant in Kızıldere and made tremendous progress in this field. Currently, the power generation has crossed 1665 MWe. Turkey has drawn a new road map to enhance its primary energy source mix by developing its radiogenic granites (Enhanced Geothermal Systems) for power generation and carbon dioxide capture programs. This is an emerging technology that is being recommended for Turkey. Currently, France, Australia, and the United Kingdom are surging ahead in implementing Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), and France has established a pilot power plant using EGS and generating 10 MWe. The United Kingdom will be starting its 3 MWe power plant. The hydrothermal source, in combination with Enhanced Geothermal Systems, can contain the annual CO2 emissions to 500 Mt and reduce the per-capita CO2 emissions to 4.5 tons annually. One of the greatest contributions to climate mitigation and sustainable development made by the geothermal industry is the sequestration of CO2 from the Kızıldere geothermal power plant for the manufacturıng of dry ice and use CO2 from the Tuzla geothermal power plant for minimizing scaling. This dry ice technology can be extended to the cement industry to capture 18 billion CO2 being emitted annually from clinker manufacturıng units. The dry ice will be useful in combating forest fires that are common in Turkey. The article discusses the new technological developments that Turkey is adopting to mitigate climate change and achieve sustainable development goals.Article Citation - WoS: 4Citation - Scopus: 12Carbon Dioxide Emissions Mitigation Strategy Through Enhanced Geothermal Systems: Western Anatolia, Turkey(Springer, 2022) Chandrasekharam, Dornadula; Baba, AlperAlthough Turkey is not the biggest GHG polluter, its emissions have increased by 110.4% since 1990. Currently, its CO2 emissions alone have crossed 400 Mt. Within the scope of 2 °C targets (2D scenario), the country can easily surpass this target test by increasing its renewable energy sources as a primary energy source mix, by developing its Enhanced Geothermal Sources (EGS) locked up in the radiogenic granites of western Anatolia. The radiogenic heat generated by these granites, spread over an area of 4221 sq. km, varies from 5.3 to 16.34 µW/m3. Based on the electricity generation capacity of granites from Soultz-sous-Forets and Cooper Basin EGS sites, the combined electricity generation capacity of Kestanbol and Kozak granite plutons is about 830 billion kWh. For the period extending from 2019 to 2023, Turkey is aiming at reducing the usage of gas for electricity generation from 29.9 to 20.7%, increasing the share of renewable energy sources from 32.5 to 38.8%, increasing the electricity production from local energy sources from 150 to 219 TWh and increasing the electricity usage per-capita from 3.7 to 4.3 MWh. These energy targets can be achieved by major contributions from hydrothermal and EGS energy sources. This review demonstrates that besides electricity and heat, EGS energy can be utilized, together with other renewable energy sources, such as hydrothermal, wind, and concentrated solar for providing fresh water through the desalination process. These energy sources would provide food, energy, and water security to the country for several decades.