Civil Engineering / İnşaat Mühendisliği
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Conference Object Structural Controls on Gülbahçe Geothermal System and Its Hydrogeochemical Properties (western Turkey)(Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi, 2014) Uzelli, Taygun; Mungan, Gamze Gül; Baba, Alper; Sözbilir, HasanGülbahçe Geothermal Field (GGF) is located in eastern parts of the Karaburun Peninsula and is about 45 km away from the city of Izmir, Turkey. The stratigraphy around the GGF is represented by a Miocene volcano-sedimentary succession, including several sedimentary and volcanic units. These units overlie the basement rocks of the Karaburun Platform Carbonates and Bornova Flysch Zone which consists of carbonate blocks embedded in sandstone and mudstone alternations. GGF is located on the Gülbahçe Fault Zone, and are composed of series of NW-SE to NE-SW trending faults, extending from Sığacık Bay to Gülbahçe Bay. While most of the geothermal systems in western Turkey are controlled by normal faults, geothermal systems at the Gülbahçe are controlled by NE/NW-trending strike-slip faults and NE/NW-trending oblique-slip normal faults. An association of these active faults accommodating deep circulation of hydrothermal fluids of sea water origin is the primary control mechanisms of geothermal systems of Gülbahçe.Article Citation - WoS: 26Citation - Scopus: 25Conceptual Model of the Gülbahçe Geothermal System, Western Anatolia, Turkey: Based on Structural and Hydrogeochemical Data(Elsevier Ltd., 2017) Uzelli, Taygun; Baba, Alper; Mungan, Gamze Gül; Dirik, Ramazan Kadir; Sözbilir, HasanThe Gülbahçe Geothermal Field is located on the eastern margin of the Karaburun Peninsula, about 45 km from the city of İzmir, western Anatolia, Turkey. The stratigraphy of the study area is represented by a Miocene volcano-sedimentary succession, including several sedimentary and volcanic units. These units overlie the basement rocks of the Karaburun Platform and Bornova Flysch Zone which consist of sandstones, shales and carbonate blocks. These rock units are cut and deformed by a series of NW-SE- to NE-SW-trending faults, extending from Sığacık Bay to Gülbahçe Bay. Structural studies suggest that while most of the geothermal systems in western Anatolia are controlled by normal faults, the geothermal system at Gülbahçe is controlled by a strike-slip dominated shear zone, previously named the İzmir-Balıkesir Transfer Zone. Along the fault zone, associations of active fault segments accommodate deep circulation of hydrothermally modified sea water, and thus the resulting negative flower structure is the primary control mechanism for the geothermal system. Hydrogeochemical properties of the field show that surface temperature of fluid ranges from 30 to 34 °C. Geothermal fluids in Gülbahçe have high salinity (EC > 34 mS/cm) and low enthalpy. Piper and Schoeller diagrams indicate that geothermal fluid is in the NaCl facies. Chemical geothermometers suggest that the reservoir temperature is around 53–136 °C. The isotopic data (oxygen-18, deuterium and tritium) suggest that geothermal fluids are formed by local recharge and deep circulation of sea water.Article Citation - WoS: 2Citation - Scopus: 4Use of Electrospun Fiber Mats for the Remediation of Hypersaline Geothermal Brine(Desalination Publications, 2017) Çelik, Aslı; Koç, Gonca; Erdoğan, Emre; Shahwan, Talal; Baba, Alper; Demir, Mustafa MuammerGeothermal brines display high contents of various metal ions that can adversely affect surface and groundwater resources. Nevertheless, it is possible to sequestrate these metals and use some of them in certain engineering applications. The aim of this study was to fabricate electrospun chitosan fiber mats and remove heavy metal cations from geothermal brine of the Tuzla geothermal field (TGF) by employing these mats. TGF is located on the Biga Peninsula in the northwestern part of Turkey. The brine of TGF has high salinity (EC > 91 mS/cm) and high temperature (reservoir temperature is 173°C). The brine is rich in terms of metal cations. For instance, the concentration of lithium ion in geothermal fluid ranges from 17 to 35 mg/L, with little seasonal variations. A horizontal electrospinning setup was employed to obtain a non-woven mat comprising submicron diameter chitosan fibers at 2.0 kV∙cm−1. This material was then utilized as a stable membrane for the removal of metal ions present in the brine through sorption at 25°C overnight. The results showed that the chitosan fiber mats sequestrate various ions in the brine. Under the studied conditions, the material was capable of removing 46%, 44%, 50%, 44%, 40%, 67% and 48% of Li+, Mg2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Mn2+, Ca2+ and K+ from the geothermal brine, respectively.Article Citation - WoS: 28Citation - Scopus: 30Hydrochemical and Isotopic Composition of Tuzla Geothermal Field (canakkale-Turkey) and Its Environmental Impacts(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2009) Baba, Alper; Yüce, Galip; Deniz, Ozan; Yasin, DidemTuzla is an active geothermal area located in northwestern Turkey, 80 km south of the city of Canakkale and 5 km from the Aegean Coast. Geothermal brine, deriving from this area, contains an abundance of NaCl and a water temperature of 173°C (T1 well at 814 m depth) is typically encountered. The aim of this study was to determine the hydrogeochemical properties of the geothermal brine using both chemical and isotopic data, and to investigate the origin of the geothermal brine in the Tuzla area and the environmental impacts of Tuzla Geothermal Field (TGF). Both geothermal brine and shallow groundwater in the area are of meteoric origin. Isotope results indicate that the hot saline waters (brine) in the Tuzla geothermal field originate from connate water along faults. As the saline water rises to the surface, it mixes with shallow groundwaters in various ratios. In addition, the high sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) content in the Tuzla Stream, fed from the Tuzla geothermal brine during the dry season, cause an increase in sodium and chloride concentrations in the shallow groundwaters by infiltration into the aquifer. Moreover, salt accumulation on the surface is observed due to the uncontrolled artesian flow of geothermal brine, which adversely affects the salinity of shallow groundwater.Article Citation - WoS: 35Citation - Scopus: 45Types of the Scaling in Hyper Saline Geothermal System in Northwest Turkey(Elsevier Ltd., 2014) Demir, Mustafa Muammer; Baba, Alper; Atilla, Vedat; İnanlı, MustafaTuzla is an active geothermal area located in northwestern Turkey, 80km south of the city of Canakkale and 5km from the Aegean Coast. The geothermal brine from this area, which is dominated by NaCl, has a typical temperature of 173°C. Rapid withdrawal of fluid to ambient surface conditions during sampling causes precipitation of various compounds known as scaling. Scaling is one of the important problems in Tuzla geothermal system that reduces the efficiency of the geothermal power plant and causes economical loss. The aim of this study was to determine the type of scaling as a first step towards preventing its formation. The scales formed in the geothermal system were divided into two groups according to location: the ones that formed in downhole and the ones that accumulated along the surface pipeline. Both scales were examined in terms of their elemental composition, structure and morphology using XRF, XRD, and SEM, respectively. The former was found to be mainly composed of PbS (Galena) and CaCO3 (aragonite or calcite). In contrast, the latter was heterogeneous in nature and consisted of mainly saponite like amorphous structure along with submicrometer-sized amorphous silica particles, layered double magnesium and iron hydroxide, and NaCl.