WoS İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu / WoS Indexed Publications Collection
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/7150
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Article Citation - WoS: 10Citation - Scopus: 10Hydrogeology and Hydrogeochemistry of the Geothermal Systems and Its Direct Use Application: Balçova-Narlıdere Geothermal System, İzmir, Turkey(Elsevier, 2022) Baba, Alper; Sözbilir, Hasan; Sayık, Tolga; Arslan, Sinan; Uzelli, Taygun; Tonkul, Serhat; Demir, Mustafa MuammerThe Balçova-Narlıdere geothermal system, located in western Turkey, is an extensional domain type geothermal play. Geological, hydrogeological, and geothermal studies have been done in the Balçova-Narlıdere geothermal field since 1960. As a result of these studies, production and research wells were drilled in the area by both the public and private sectors. Of the 37 wells drilled in the Balçova-Narlıdere geothermal field, 26 were drilled by İzmir Geothermal Energy Company Inc. (16 productions, 4 re-injection, 4 gradientst, 2 unused) and 11 by the İzmir Governorship Investment Monitoring and Coordination Department and companies in the private sectors. There are two reservoirs, one shallow and one deep, in the geothermal field. Well depths are less than 200 m in the shallow reservoir. The deep production wells have depths ranging from 400 to 1,100 m and reservoir temperatures reaching 140 °C. The electrical conductivity (EC) values in the shallow production wells range from 1,200 to 1,500 µS/cm. EC values in the deep production wells vary from 1,871 to 2,025 µS/cm, and all geothermal fluids in the field are mineral-rich waters. In the İzmir geothermal district heating system, the newest technologies are used, and operational costs are very low. İzmir Geothermal Energy Company Inc. has been operating since 1996 and has reached 38,460 residences. The current capacity of the system is approximately 160 MWt. Cooling systems continue to spread in Turkey, focusing on electric air conditioning systems and geothermal heating systems, but both economic and applicability problems have slowed the expansion of cooling systems. However, İzmir Geothermal Energy Company Inc. began operating its first geothermal cooling application in Balçova in 2018, cooling 1,900 m2 of the indoor area by lithium bromide absorption and 90/85 °C geothermal temperature regime by supplying 6/9 °C clean cold water to the coolers in the buildings. These results show that the extensional domain type geothermal system in the Balçova-Narlıdere region is suitable for both heating and cooling applicationsArticle Citation - WoS: 5Citation - Scopus: 7Effect of High Salinity and Temperature on Water-Volcanic Rock Interaction(Springer, 2021) Gören, Ayşegül Yağmur; Gören, Ayşegül Yağmur; Topçu, Gökhan; Demir, Mustafa Muammer; Demir, Mustafa M.; Baba, Alper; Baba, AlperIn order to understand the processes occurring in natural hydrothermal systems, it was carried out a series of water-volcanic rock interaction studies in the laboratory and an intermediate volcanic rock samples from geothermal production wells in Tuzla geothermal field (TGF) in western Turkey. A high-pressure autoclave was used to conduct water-rock interaction experiments under similar conditions of the field. Rainwater and seawater were treated with volcanic rocks at 140 degrees C (reservoir temperature) and 4.5 bar pressure. The change in the ionic content of the resulting fluids was examined in terms of the type of volcanic rocks and mineral saturation index. The results indicate that talc and diopside minerals in geothermal systems may cause scaling at high temperatures depending on the geothermal fluid and pH.Article Citation - WoS: 27Citation - Scopus: 34Use of Abandoned Oil Wells in Geothermal Systems in Turkey(Springer, 2020) Kaplanoğlu, Murat A.; Baba, Alper; Gökçen Akkurt, GüldenHuman beings have been benefiting from geothermal energy for different uses since the dawn of civilization in many parts of the world. One of the earliest uses of geothermal energy was for heating and it was used extensively by Romans in Turkey. The Aegean region is favored with a large number of thermal springs known since ancient times. However, it was in the twentieth century that geothermal energy was first used on a large scale for direct use applications and electricity generation. The country's installed heat capacity is 3322.3 MWt for direct use and 1347 MWe for power production. Also, many drilled wells to extract oil or natural gas were abandoned for various reasons in the southeast of Turkey. Some of the oil fields have heat content that can be used for geothermal energy. Some even have hot fluid in the reservoir. This paper presents an investigation into how to use geothermal energy in abandoned oil and natural gas wells. Methods used to generate geothermal energy from abandoned oil fields other than conventional geothermal energy production are examined. Downhole heat exchangers can be used to extract heat without producing geothermal fluid which decrease gas emissions to the atmosphere and energy need for reinjection, from the abandoned oil wells to generate electricity or direct use applications. Using this method, it is possible to use abandoned wells in southeastern Turkey where this energy improves the economy of the region.Article Citation - WoS: 32Citation - Scopus: 30Geochemical and Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Evolution of Kozaklı Geothermal Fluids, Central Anatolia, Turkey(Elsevier Ltd., 2019) Baba, Alper; Şener, Mehmet FurkanKozaklı is one of the most important areas of Central Anatolia in terms of geothermal potential and it is characterized by thrust and normal faults. These faults, accommodating deep circulation of hydrothermal fluids of meteoric origin, are the primary controls of the geothermal systems in this region. Chemical and isotopic composition of the hot springs and geothermal fluids was monitored throughout 2017. The surface temperature of the fluid ranges from 24.9 to 96 °C. The cold spring waters are mostly of the Ca-Mg−HCO3 type in the study area. Major element chemistry of the water reveals that the deep geothermal fluids are mostly of the Na-Ca-Cl-SO4 type while the shallow geothermal well waters are Ca-Na−HCO3 waters. Silica geothermometers suggest that the reservoir temperature ranges from 103 to 173 °C. Based on the δ18O–δD relationship, water samples have a high-altitude meteoric origin. Stable isotopic data indicate that the geothermal fluids are formed by local recharge and deep circulation of meteoric waters. The Rare Earth Elements and Yttrium (REY) composition showed that Eu, Ce and Y anomalies are related both to inheritance from geological host materials and the fractionation of these elements during water-rock interactions.Article Citation - WoS: 1Hydrogeochemical and Hydrogeological Investigation of the Can Geothermal Field(TMMOB Jeoloji Mühendisleri Odası, 2010) Deniz, Ozan; Baba, Alper; Tarcan, GultekinThe Can Geothermal Field is located on a central part of the Biga Peninsula in northwest Turkey. Volcanics are the dominant rock type in this region. Alteration zones and clay minerals are very common in these rocks. Sedimentary rocks, low-grade metamorphics and alluvium are other geological units observed around Can. These units include common fracture zones because of the tectonic activity in the region. Thermal waters have reached the surface via these fracture zones. Alluvium is the most productive aquifer in all geological units. Wells drilled in this unit yield between 5-30 L/s. The transmissibility and permeability coefficients of this unit are of 50-421 m(2)/day and of 1.01-16.8 m/day, respectively. In this aquifer, groundwater depth changes between 0.1 and 8.3m. According to the IAH (1979) water classification, these thermal waters are of the Na-Ca-SO4 type, the cold waters are of the Ca-Mg-HCO3 type and the snow samples are of a mixed water type. Geothermal waters have a meteoric origin. The mean temperature, electrical conductivity and pH of the thermal waters have values of 44.4 degrees C, 2941 mu S/cm and 6.9, respectively. Geothermometer equations were used for prediction of reservoir fluid temperatures of the geothermal system and temperature values were obtained between 46 and 203 degrees C. delta D, delta T and delta O-18 isotope analysis showes that thermal waters in the Can region have a meteoric origin and are a minimum of 45-50 years old.Article Citation - WoS: 21Citation - Scopus: 27Increasing Solubility of Metal Silicates by Mixed Polymeric Antiscalants(Elsevier Ltd., 2019) Topçu, Gökhan; Çelik, Aslı; Kandemir, Ali; Baba, Alper; Şahin, Hasan; Demir, Mustafa MuammerThe increase of silicate solubility is a big challenge for both hot and cold water because it reduces the deposition of metal silicates frequently observed in such systems and causes operational obstacles. The deposition of silicate coats the inner surface of the pipelines in an uncontrolled manner and reduces the harvesting of energy from brines. In this work, the solubility performance of two commercial water-soluble polymeric agents (poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)) of various molecular weights employing dosage from 25 to 100 mg/L was examined. Along with dispersant-type antiscalant, poly(acrylamide) (PAM), poly(vinylsulfonic acid, sodium salt) (PVSA), and poly(vinylphosphonic acid) (PVPA) having chelating acidic groups were employed. Metal silicate deposits were obtained artificially in the lab-scale pressurized reactor. The experimental conditions employed were quite similar to a model power plant located in Çanakkale, Turkey. The concentration of dissolved silica was increased from 130 to 420 mg/L when 100 mg/L PEG 1500 and 25 mg/L PVSA were employed as a mixture. For the atomic-level understanding of the interaction of chelating groups with metal cations, DFT calculations were performed too.Article Citation - WoS: 83Citation - Scopus: 92Source of Arsenic Based on Geological and Hydrogeochemical Properties of Geothermal Systems in Western Turkey(Elsevier Ltd., 2012) Baba, Alper; Sözbilir, HasanTurkey is an area of complex geology with active tectonics and high geothermal potential. Especially, the western part of Turkey is a region of abundant geothermal activity. Faults accommodating the deep circulation of hydrothermal fluids of meteoric origin are the primary means by which of geothermal systems are controlled in this region. Many of the thermal activities are related to the improved dilation on the ~E-W-strikes of the graben faults. This situation serves as a suitable environment for the presence of high levels of arsenic in geothermal water resources. The highest concentrations of naturally occurring aqueous arsenic (As) are found in certain types of geothermal waters, generally those related to major graben faults. In this regard, high arsenic concentrations in geothermal resources have been detected in Western Turkey, including but not limited to Biga Peninsulla, Gediz Graben, Kucuk, and Buyuk Menderes Graben with values ranging from 1 to 1419ppb in geothermal fluids. The thermal waters have surface temperatures of up to 100°C and reservoir temperatures range from 150 to 248°C in the Menderes Graben, from 120 to 287°C in the Gediz Graben, and from 153 to 174°C in Biga Peninsula. Hydrogeochemically, the Menderes graben and Gediz Graben thermal waters are of the Na-HCO3, Ca-HCO3, and Na-SO4 types, whereas some geothermal fluids such as those of Tuzla and Kestanbol in the Biga Peninsula, Çeşme, and Urla are of the Na-Cl type.Article Citation - WoS: 28Citation - Scopus: 30Hydrogeochemical and Isotopic Composition of a Low-Temperature Geothermal Source in Northwest Turkey: Case Study of Kırkgeçit Geothermal Area(Springer Verlag, 2011) Şanlıyüksel, Deniz; Baba, AlperChemical and isotopic compositions of three hot springs and one cold spring in the Kirkgecit geothermal field, located 15 km southwest of Canakkale-Biga in the northwest of Turkey, were monitored five times during 2005 and 2007. The physico-chemical characteristics of the hot springs are average discharge 3–3.5 L/s, surface temperature 45–52 C, pH 8.9–9.3, and electrical conductivity (EC) 620–698 lS/cm. The cold spring has a temperature of 12–13 C, pH 7.5–8.3, and EC 653–675 lS/cm. The hot waters are Na-SO4 type, whereas the cold water is Ca-HCO3 type. Chemical geothermometers suggest that the reservoir temperature is around 80–100 C. The isotopic data (oxygen-18, deuterium and tritium) indicate that the thermal waters are formed by local recharge and deep circulation of meteoric waters.