Chemical Engineering / Kimya Mühendisliği

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/14

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Author: search.filters.author.İnal, Fikret

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  • Research Project
    Silisyum oksit destekli çinko ve geçiş metalli (Pd, Ag ve Cu) çinko katalizörlerin aktifliklerinin ve seçiciliklerinin etil alkol buhar riformunda incelenmesi
    (TÜBİTAK - Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, 2005) Şeker, Erol; İnal, Fikret; Tezel, Habibe Işıl
    [No Abstract Available]
  • Research Project
    Yakıt oxygenate'lerin klinoptilolitçe zengin doğal zeolite adsorpsiyonunun incelenmesi
    (TÜBİTAK - Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, 2006) İnal, Fikret; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Yılmaz, Selahattin; Yetgin, Senem
    [No Abstract Available]
  • Research Project
    Biyolojik-kimyasal reaksiyonların benzetimi için Monte Carlo teknikleri
    (TÜBİTAK - Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, 2012) Altınkaya, Mustafa Aziz; İnal, Fikret; Baran, Yusuf
    Kimyasal reaksiyonların stokastik modellemesi, reaksiyondaki molekül sayılarının az olduğu durumda, her bir molekülün ne zaman reaksiyona gireceğinin tam olarak belirlenememesi nedeniyle yalnızca makroskopik ölçekte doğru olan gerekirci yönteme göre daha başarılıdır. Gillespie’nin geliştirdiği stokastik benzetim algoritması (SBA) Monte Carlo teknikleriyle sistemdeki bir sonraki reaksiyonun hangi reaksiyon olacağını ve ne zaman gerçekleşeceğini belirlemektedir. Ancak SBA’nın molekül sayıları arttıkça işlem yoğunluğu çok artmaktadır. Bu durumda, sistemdeki her reaksiyonu her molekülün mevcut konsantrasyonunu koruması koşulunu bozmayacak miktarda çok kez ateşleyerek, reaksiyon sistemindeki her molekülün miktarını tau peryodu ile güncelleyen tau-atlama algoritması işlem yoğunluğunu önemli ölçüde azaltmaktadır. Her bir reaksiyon kanalının tau aralığında ateşlenme adedini belirleyen Poisson değişken, reaksiyona girme eğilimi ile tau'nun çarpımı çok büyüdüğünde Gauss gibi davranmaya başlar. Bu durumda reaksiyondaki konsantrasyonları belirleyen stokastik türev denklemi Kimyasal Langevin Denklemi’ne (KLD) karşılık gelir. KLD’deki Gauss sürecin yerine Levy (alfa) - kararlı daha dürtün bir sürecin konması, KLD’nin tanımladığı Brown hareketini Levy uçuşuna dönüştürür. Kimyasal Langevin-Levy Denklemi (KLLD) olarak tanımlanan bu denklem az sayıdaki molekülün bulunduğu biyokimyasal reaksiyonları daha iyi modelleyebilir. Maltozdan glukoz elde edilen bir Michaelis-Menten sistemi ve daha çok reaksiyon içeren laktuloz hidrolizi sırasındaki enzimatik transgalaktosilasyon reaksiyonlarında KLLD’nin SBA ve KLD’ye kıyasla daha fazla gerekirci eğriden sapmaya neden olduğu ancak aynı ortalama davranışın takip edildiği görülmektedir. Bu çalışma biyokimyasal reaksiyon benzetininde KLLD’ye dayalı tau-atlamanın kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir.
  • Research Project
    İlköğretim okullarında bina-içi çevresel kalitenin değerlendirilmesi
    (2010) Sofuoğlu, Sait C.; İnal, Fikret; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Odabaşı, Mustafa
    İzmir’de, ikisi kentsel biri yarı kentsel alanda yer alan üç ilköğretim okulunda, bina‐içi hava uçucu organik madde, yarı‐uçucu organik madde, partikül madde, partikül maddede element ve inorganik gaz kirletici derişimleri ölçülmüştür. Anket uygulaması yapılarak, bina ile ilgili semptomların yaygınlığı çalışılmıştır. Bina‐içi konfor değişkenlerinden sıcaklık ve nispi nem kullanılarak hesaplanan Bina‐içi Rahatsızlık Göstergesi çok yüksek değerler almamıştır. Bina‐içi hava CO2 derişimleri ölçülerek dersliklerde havalandırmanın yeterli olmadığı görülmüştür. Uçucu organik bileşiklerden formaldehit, benzen, naftalin, toluen ve 1,3‐diklorobenzenin yüksek bina‐içi derişimlere ulaşabildiği görülmüş, ve formaldehit ve benzenin birincil düzeyde, naftalin ve toluenin de ikincil düzeyde önemli sağlık riski yaratabileceği değerlendirilmiştir. Yarı‐uçucu organik bileşiklerden poliklorlu bifeniller (PCB) ve polibromlu difenil eterler (PBDE) grubu kirleticilerin bina‐içi havada bulundukları ve içeride kaynakları olabileği görülürken, sentetik koku bileşiklerinin bir derslikte yapılan çalışma ile okul binalarında hem gaz hem de partikül fazda bulunabildikleri ve gaz fazda önemli düzeyde derişimlere eriştikleri belirlenmiştir. İnorganik gazlardan ozon için, bulgular iç hava ozon derişimlerinin, dış hava ozonu ile ilintili olduğunu ve hassas insanlarda sağlık etkisi yaratma sınırının altında kaldığı yönündedir. Karbon monoksit ise neredeyse tüm ölçümlerde ya tespit sınırı olan 1 ppm’in altında ya da oldukça düşük derişimlerde bulunmuştur. Partikül madde için elde edilen dane sayısı – boyut dağılımları, kütle – boyut dağılımları, bina‐içi hava ve dış hava derişimi bulguları, partikül madde kaynağının dış hava olduğu ancak çocukların hareketliliği sebebiyle bina‐içi mikroçevrelerde derişimlerin dış hava derişimlerinin üzerine çıkabildiğini göstermiştir. Hesaplanan Hava Kalitesi Göstergesi ‐ PM Alt Gösterge değerleri, PM2,5 derişimlerinin “sağlıksız” sınıfında yer aldığını göstermiştir. Boyut ayırımlı kütlesel PM derişimleri göstermektedir ki, ince partiküllerin (PM2,5) çoğunluğu ultra ince partiküllerdir (PM1) ve ultra ince partiküller ince partiküllere göre sayıca 2‐5 kat daha yüksek derişimlerde bulunmaktadırlar. Partikül maddede Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn elementleri tespit edilmiş olup kütle‐boyut dağılımlarının ultra ince boyutlarında görülen zirveler, hem ağırlıklı yerküre kaynaklı hem de ağırlıklı insan aktiviteleri kaynaklı elementler için ultra ince fraksiyonun önemli olduğunu göstermiştir.
  • Book Part
    A Review: Preparation, Characterization and Applications of Magnesium Stearate, Cobalt Stearate and Copper Stearate
    (Nova Science Publishers, 2010) Egbuchunam, Theresa O.; Gönen, Mehmet; Balköse, Devrim; İnal, Fikret; Ülkü, Semra
    Metal soaps, such as zinc, calcium, copper, magnesium are insoluble or sparingly soluble in water. Because of this property, they are commercially important compounds and find applications in industry, such as driers in paints or inks, components of greases, stabilizers for plastics, in fungicides, catalysts, waterproofing agents, fuel additives, components of creams and additive in drug formulation and etc. Magnesium stearate is in widespread use as gelling, sanding and anti-sticking agents, stabilizer, lubricant, emulsifier and plasticizer for polymers, in the paint, food, rubber, paper and pharmaceutical industries. Copper stearate is used mainly for rot-proofing textiles, ropes, etc. It is also used in paints since they are soluble in oils, white spirits, etc. Quartz crystals coated with CuSt2 was used in the detection of volatile organic compounds. Cobalt stearate has applications in producing Co nests, mesoporous silica, as adhesion promoter. © 2014 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.
  • Article
    Citation - WoS: 3
    Citation - Scopus: 4
    Detailed Chemical Kinetic Modeling of Fuel-Rich N-Heptane Flame
    (Elsevier, 2020) Değirmenci, Emre; Alazreg, Abdalwahab; İnal, Fikret
    The main purpose of this study is to model one-dimensional, premixed, laminar, burner-stabilized, fuel-rich n-heptane flame to understand its combustion characteristics. Detailed chemical kinetic modeling technique was used to obtain more information about the formation nature of emissions in n-heptane flame. A detailed chemical kinetic mechanism was generated by combining several mechanisms from the literature that related with possible products of fuel-rich n-heptane combustion. The mechanism consists of 4185 reactions and 893 species. Validations of the mechanism were done by species mole fractions of premixed laminar flames and jet stirred reactors, and ignition delay times in shock tubes. A detailed investigation of the n-heptane flame was carried out using rate of production and reaction pathway analyses. Propargyl radical (C3H3), vinylacetylene (C4H4) and acetylene (C2H2) were found as the main precursors of benzene formation. The mechanism was able to predict most of the major, minor, and trace species up to four-fused aromatic rings formed in the flame. A skeletal mechanism was also generated using Directed Relation Graph with Error Propagation (DRGEP) method. It consists of 1879 reactions and 359 species. The skeletal mechanism was in a good agreement with the detailed mechanism on the species mole fraction predictions.
  • Article
    Citation - WoS: 64
    Citation - Scopus: 78
    Utilization of Municipal Plastic and Wood Waste in Industrial Manufacturing of Wood Plastic Composites
    (Springer Verlag, 2020) Başalp, Dildare; Tıhmınlıoğlu, Funda; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; İnal, Fikret; Sofuoğlu, Aysun
    In this study, Wood Plastic Composites (WPCs) were produced from post-consumer bulky wastes of recycled plastic and wood in order to minimize waste, decrease environmental effects of plastics, reserve natural resources, and support circular economy for sustainable production and consumption. Five different types of polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE) based recycled plastics and wood obtained from urban household bulky wastes were used in the production of recycled WPC composites, r-WPCs. Virgin WPC (v-WPC) and r-WPC compounds were prepared with wood flour (WF) and maleic anhydride grafted compatibilizer (MAPP or MAPE) to evaluate the effect of recycled polymer type and compatibilizer on the mechanical properties. It was found that tensile strength properties of r-WPCs produced from recycled PP (r-PP) were higher than that of the r-WPCs produced from mixed polyolefins and recycled PE. r-WPCs containing anti-oxidants, UV stabilizers, and compatibilizer with different WF compositions were produced from only recycled garden fraction PP (PPFGF) to determine the optimum composition and processing temperature for pilot scale manufacturing of r-WPCs. Based on tensile, impact, flexural, and water sorption properties of r-WPC compounds with different formulations, the optimum conditions of r-WPC compounds for industrial manufacturing process were determined. Surface morphology of fractured surfaces as well as tensile, flexural and density results of r-WPC compounds revealed the enhancement effect of MAPP on interfacial adhesion in r-WPCs. r-WPC products (crates and table/chair legs) based on bulky wastes were produced using an injection molding process at industrial scale by using 30 wt% WF-filled r-WPC compound. This study demonstrated that r-WPC compounds from recycled bulky plastic and wood wastes can be used as a potential raw material in plastic as well as WPC industry, contributing to circular economy. Graphic
  • Article
    Effects of Reactor Pressure and Inlet Temperature on N-butane/Dimethyl Ether Oxidation and the Formation Pathways of the Aromatic Species
    (John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2016) Bekat, Tuğçe; İnal, Fikret
    Oxidation of n-butane/dimethyl ether (DME)/O2/Ar system was studied by chemical kinetic modeling in a tubular reactor operated adiabatically and at constant pressure. Effects of the reactor pressure on the formation of various major, minor, and trace oxidation products were investigated for two different pressures (1 and 5 atm) and at six different inlet temperature values (700, 800, 900, 1100, 1300, and 1500 K). The analysis was carried out for two different concentrations of dimethyl ether in the inlet fuel mixture (20 and 50 mol %). Higher pressure (5 atm) resulted in higher mole fractions of methane, vinylacetylene, and cyclopentadiene; and lower mole fractions of formaldehyde, acetylene, acetaldehyde, ethane, propargyl, and propane. The mole fractions of CO and CO2 were not affected considerably by the pressure change. The main formation routes of benzene were developed at two different inlet temperature values (1100 and 1300 K), and the main precursors participating in these routes were found to be propargyl, propene, and diacetylene. A skeletal mechanism was developed for the oxidation of n-butane/DME mixture from the detailed mechanism by reduction of the elementary reactions by 79%, and it was tested for accuracy by comparison with the data from the literature.
  • Article
    Citation - WoS: 22
    Citation - Scopus: 25
    Indoor Air Quality in a Restaurant Kitchen Using Margarine for Deep-Frying
    (Springer Verlag, 2015) Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Toprak, Melis; İnal, Fikret; Çimrin, Arif H.
    Indoor air quality has a great impact on human health. Cooking, in particular frying, is one of the most important sources of indoor air pollution. Indoor air CO, CO2, particulate matter (PM), and volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations, including aldehydes, were measured in the kitchen of a small establishment where a special deep-frying margarine was used. The objective was to assess occupational exposure concentrations for cooks of such restaurants. While individual VOC and PM2.5 concentrations were measured before, during, and after frying events using active sampling, TVOC, PM10, CO, CO2, temperature, and relative humidity were continuously monitored through the whole period. VOC and aldehyde concentrations did not increase to considerable levels with deep-frying compared to the background and public indoor environment levels, whereas PM10 increased significantly (1.85 to 6.6 folds). The average PM2.5 concentration of the whole period ranged between 76 and 249 μg/m3. Hence, considerable PM exposures could occur during deep-frying with the special margarine, which might be sufficiently high to cause health effects on cooks considering their chronic occupational exposures.
  • Article
    Citation - WoS: 15
    Citation - Scopus: 18
    Preparation and Characterization of Magnesium Stearate, Cobalt Stearate, and Copper Stearate and Their Effects on Poly(vinyl Chloride) Dehydrochlorination
    (John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2015) Gönen, Mehmet; Egbuchunam, Theresa Obuajulu; Balköse, Devrim; İnal, Fikret; Ülkü, Semra
    Preparation and characterization of pure metal soaps and investigation of their effects on poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) dehydrochlorination were the objectives of the present study. Magnesium stearate (MgSt2), cobalt stearate (CoSt2), and copper stearate (CuSt2) were prepared by a precipitation method. An aqueous sodium stearate (NaSt) solution was mixed at 500 rpm with respective metal salt solutions at 75oC. The precipitates that formed were collected by filtration, washed with water, and ultimately dried at 105oC under reduced pressure. Lamellar crystals that melted on heating were obtained. Solid-liquid phase transitions were observed by optical microscopy at 160oC, 159oC, and 117oC for MgSt2, CoSt2, and CuSt2, respectively. However, the melting points of MgSt2, CoSt2, and CuSt2 were determined as 115oC, 159oC, and 111oC, respectively, by analysis by differential scanning calorimetry. The onset temperature of the mass loss was the lowest at 255oC for CuSt2 and the lowest activation energy for thermal decomposition was 18 kJ/mol for CuSt2. CoSt2 was effective in extending the induction time of PVC dehydrochlorination at both 140oC and 160oC. The activation energy calculated from stability time decreased from 175 kJ/mol for a blank PVC sample to 114, 105, and 107 kJ/mol for MgSt2, CoSt2, and CuSt2-containing PVC samples, respectively. All three metal soaps accelerated the dehydrochlorination of PVC. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 21:235-244, 2015.