Chemical Engineering / Kimya Mühendisliği
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/14
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Article Citation - WoS: 91Citation - Scopus: 95Source Apportionment and Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Passive Air Sampler-Derived Pahs and Pcbs in a Heavily Industrialized Region(Elsevier Ltd., 2018) Çetin, Banu; Yurdakul, Sema; Güngörmüş, Elif; Öztürk, Fatma; Sofuoğlu, Sait CemilCancer has become the primary reason of deaths in Dilovasi probably due to its location with unique topography under the influence of heavy industrialization and traffic. In this study, possible sources and carcinogenic health risks of PAHs and PCBs were investigated in Dilovasi region by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and the USEPA approach, respectively. PAHs and PCBs were measured monthly for a whole year at 23 sampling sites using PUF disk passive samplers. Average ambient air concentrations were found as 285 ± 431 ng/m 3 and 4152 ± 6072 pg/m 3 , for Σ 15 PAH and Σ 41 PCB, respectively. PAH concentrations increased with decreasing temperature especially at urban sites, indicating the impact of residential heating in addition to industrial activities and traffic. On the other hand, PCB concentrations mostly increased with temperature probably due to enhanced volatilization from their sources. Possible sources of PAHs were found as emissions of diesel and gasoline vehicles, biomass and coal combustion, iron and steel industry, and unburned petroleum/petroleum products, whereas iron-steel production, coal and biomass burning, technical PCB mixtures, and industrial emissions were identified for PCBs. The mean carcinogenic risk associated with inhalation exposure to PAHs and PCBs were estimated to be >10 −6 and >10 −5 , respectively, at all sampling points, while the 95th percentile was >10 −5 at 15 of 23 and >10 −4 at 8 of 23 sampling locations, respectively. Probabilistic assessment showed, especially for PCBs, that a majority of Dilovasi population face significant health risks. The higher risks due to PCBs further indicated that PCBs and possibly other pollutants originating from the same sources such as PBDEs and PCNs may be an important issue for the region.Article Citation - WoS: 45Citation - Scopus: 45The First Countrywide Monitoring of Selected Pops: Polychlorinated Biphenyls (pcbs), Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (pbdes) and Selected Organochlorine Pesticides (ocps) in the Atmosphere of Turkey(Elsevier Ltd., 2018) Kurt Karakuş, Perihan Binnur; Ugranlı Çiçek, Tuğba; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Çelik, Halil; Güngörmüş, Elif; Gedik, Kadir; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Ökten, Hatice Eser; Birgül, Aşkın; Alegria, Henry; Jones, Kevin C.Atmospheric levels of 43 PCBs, 22 OCPs, and 14 PBDEs were determined in 16 cities at urban and rural sites by passive sampling to generate the first large-scale nationwide dataset of POP residues in Turkey's atmosphere. Sampling campaign was performed from May 2014 to April 2015 with three-month sampling periods at locations on east-west and north-south transects through the country to investigate seasonal and spatial variations, including long range atmospheric transport (LRAT). Factor analysis was conducted to infer on the potential sources. Overall average Σ43PCBs concentration was 108 ± 132 pg/m3. PCB-118 (26.3 ± 44.6 pg/m3) was the top congener, and penta-CBs had the highest contribution with 54.3%. ΣDDTs had the highest annual mean concentration with 134 ± 296 pg/m3 among the OCP groups among which the highest concentration compound was p'p-DDE (97.6 ± 236 pg/m3). Overall average concentration of Σ14PBDEs was 191 ± 329 pg/m3 with the highest contribution from BDE-190 (42%). Comparison of OCPs and PCBs concentrations detected at temperatures which were above and below annual average temperature indicated higher concentrations in the warmer periods, hence significance of secondary emissions for several OCPs and Σ43PCBs, as well as inference as LRAT from secondary emissions. The first nationwide POPs database constructed in this study, point to current use, local secondary emissions, and LRAT for different individual compounds, and indicate the need for regular monitoring. The first country-wide passive sampling of selected POPs showed no unequivocal trends reflecting transitional location of Turkey.Article Citation - WoS: 8Citation - Scopus: 9Indoor Air Quality in Chemical Laboratories(Elsevier Ltd., 2016) Ugranlı, Tuğba; Güngörmüş, Elif; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Sofuoğlu, Sait CemilChemical laboratories are special microenvironments, in which many pollutants may be found because of the large range and number of chemicals that can be used, while concentrations of some specific ones may relatively be elevated due to high source strengths depending on the type and the number of experiments conducted and the number of people working in the laboratory. Laboratories can be considered as public places for the students whereas they are occupational microenvironments for their staff (technicians, specialists and teaching/research assistants). Hence, laboratory indoor air quality (IAQ) is of importance due to chronic, toxic and carcinogenic health risks for the staff in addition to possible acute effects for both staff and students. This chapter presents background information regarding pertinent indoor air pollutants, factors that determine their concentrations, indoor environmental comfort, a review of the literature on indoor environmental quality in chemical laboratories and measures of IAQ management.Article Citation - WoS: 108Citation - Scopus: 113Spatial and Seasonal Variations, Sources, Air-Soil Exchange, and Carcinogenic Risk Assessment for Pahs and Pcbs in Air and Soil of Kutahya, Turkey, the Province of Thermal Power Plants(Elsevier Ltd., 2017) Dumanoğlu, Yetkin; Gaga, Eftade O.; Güngörmüş, Elif; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Odabaşı, MustafaAtmospheric and concurrent soil samples were collected during winter and summer of 2014 at 41 sites in Kutahya, Turkey to investigate spatial and seasonal variations, sources, air-soil exchange, and associated carcinogenic risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The highest atmospheric and soil concentrations were observed near power plants and residential areas, and the wintertime concentrations were generally higher than ones measured in summer. Spatial distribution of measured ambient concentrations and results of the factor analysis showed that the major contributing PAH sources in Kutahya region were the coal combustion for power generation and residential heating (48.9%), and diesel and gasoline exhaust emissions (47.3%) while the major PCB sources were the coal (thermal power plants and residential heating) and wood combustion (residential heating) (45.4%), and evaporative emissions from previously used technical PCB mixtures (34.7%). Results of fugacity fraction calculations indicated that the soil and atmosphere were not in equilibrium for most of the PAHs (88.0% in winter, 87.4% in summer) and PCBs (76.8% in winter, 83.8% in summer). For PAHs, deposition to the soil was the dominant mechanism in winter while in summer volatilization was equally important. For PCBs, volatilization dominated in summer while deposition was higher in winter. Cancer risks associated with inhalation and accidental soil ingestion of soil were also estimated. Generally, the estimated carcinogenic risks were below the acceptable risk level of 10− 6. The percentage of the population exceeding the acceptable risk level ranged from < 1% to 16%, except, 32% of the inhalation risk levels due to PAH exposure in winter at urban/industrial sites were > 10− 6.Article Citation - WoS: 20Citation - Scopus: 26Pops in a Major Conurbation in Turkey: Ambient Air Concentrations, Seasonal Variation, Inhalation and Dermal Exposure, and Associated Carcinogenic Risks(Springer Verlag, 2016) Ugranlı, Tuğba; Güngörmüş, Elif; Kavcar, Pınar; Demircioğlu, Eylem; Odabaşı, Mustafa; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Lammel, Gerhard; Sofuoglu, AysunSemi-volatile organic compounds were monitored over a whole year, by collection of gas and particle phases every sixth day at a suburban site in Izmir, Turkey. Annual mean concentrations of 32 polychlorinated biphenyls (∑32PCBs) and 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (∑14PAHs) were 348 pg/m3 and 36 ng/m3, respectively, while it was 273 pg/m3 for endosulfan, the dominant compound among 23 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Monte Carlo simulation was applied to the USEPA exposure-risk models for the estimation of the population exposure and carcinogenic risk probability distributions for heating and non-heating periods. The estimated population risks associated with dermal contact and inhalation routes to ∑32PCBs, ∑14PAHs, and some of the targeted OCPs (α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, α-chlordane (α-CHL), γ-chlordane (γ-CHL), and p,p′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p′-DDT)) were in the ranges of 1.86 × 10−16–7.29 × 10−9 and 1.38 × 10−10–4.07 × 10−6, respectively. The inhalation 95th percentile risks for ∑32PCBs, ∑14PAHs, and OCPs were about 6, 3, and 4–7 orders of magnitude higher than those of dermal route, respectively. The 95th percentile inhalation risk for ∑32PCBs and OCPs in the non-heating period were 1.8- and 1.2–4.6 folds higher than in the heating period, respectively. In contrast, the 95th percentile risk levels for ∑14PAHs in the heating period were 4.3 times greater than that of non-heating period for inhalation, respectively. While risk levels associated with exposure to PCBs and OCPs did not exceed the acceptable level of 1 × 10−6, it was exceeded for 47 % of the population associated with inhalation of PAHs with a maximum value of about 4 × 10−6.Article Citation - WoS: 37Citation - Scopus: 39Inhalation and Dermal Exposure To Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Associated Carcinogenic Risks in a Relatively Small City(Elsevier Ltd., 2014) Güngörmüş, Elif; Tuncel, Semra; Tecer, Lokman Hakan; Sofuoğlu, Sait CemilThe aim of this study was to conduct a carcinogenic risk assessment for exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) via routes of inhalation and dermal contact. Concentrations of 19 PAH species were determined during a heating period at a site in the city of Balikesir, Turkey. Two questionnaires were administered to a sample of inhabitants to determine time-activity budgets and demographic information. The assessment was conducted for each participant and Balikesir population by deterministic and probabilistic approaches, respectively. Monte Carlo simulation was implemented to determine the population exposure-risk probability distributions. The estimates were based on benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) total PAH concentrations calculated using toxic equivalency factors. The mean and median BaPeq concentrations of gaseous and particulate phases were 3.25 and 1.34, and 38.5 and 34.0ng/m3, respectively. Carcinogenic risk for inhalation exposure route was estimated by using two different slope factor values (3.9 and 304.5(mg/kg-day)-1), recommended by two different organizations, resulting in two (order(s) of magnitude apart) population risk ranges: 1.32×10-7-2.23×10-4, and 1.61×10-5-7.95×10-3, respectively. The population risks associated with dermal exposure were lower compared to those of inhalation, ranging from 6.58×10-9 to 2.57×10-6. The proportion of the population with risks higher than the general acceptable level (1.0×10-6) was estimated as >99 percent, for inhalation, and as 28 percent for dermal exposure route.