Chemical Engineering / Kimya Mühendisliği
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/14
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Article Citation - WoS: 41Citation - Scopus: 42Fructose Dehydration To 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Over Sulfated Tio2-Sio2, Ti-Sba Zro2, Sio2, and Activated Carbon Catalysts(American Chemical Society, 2015) Kılınç, Emre; Yılmaz, SelahattinDifferent sulfated catalysts including SO4/TiO2-SiO2, SO4/Ti-SBA-15, SO4/ZrO2, SO4/AC, and SO4/SiO2 were tested in fructose dehydration to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Reactions were carried out in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 110 °C. Characterization results indicated that no sulfur leaching was observed from SO4/ZrO2, SO4/TiO2-SiO2, and SO4/Ti-SBA-15 catalysts in the reaction tests. The SO4/TiO2-SiO2 catalyst had a high amount of strong acid sites and the highest amount of Bronsted sites. The highest selectivity to HMF at high conversion, that is, 89% selectivity at 77% fructose conversion was obtained over this catalyst. It preserved its activity after four times reuse.Activated carbonCarbonCatalystsDehydrationArticle Citation - WoS: 23Citation - Scopus: 27Isomerization of Alpha-Pinene Over Acid Treated Natural Zeolite(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2005) Ünveren, Ercan; Günüz, Gönül; Çakıcıoğlu Özkan, FehimeIn this study, isomerization of α-pinene was studied over several acid-treated natural zeolite catalysts rich in clinoptilolite. Zeolite samples were contacted with HCl at different concentrations at 30°'C or at 60°C for 3 and 24 hours and tested in isomerization reaction of alpha-pinene. The catalysts prepared were characterized by XRD, nitrogen adsorption, and acidity studies. Acidity strength and the distribution of Lewis and Brönsted acid sites of the catalysts were determined, and their catalytic activities in α-pinene isomerization and selectivities to main reaction products, camphene and limonene, were investigated. Acid treatment improved the selectivity of catalyst samples to camphene, decreasing the selectivity to limonene, probably forcing limonene to secondary reactions at high conversions. The kinetics of α-pinene consumption was described by first-order kinetics. Two kinetic models were tested for the reaction mechanism and one model was found to give a good correlation between the theoretical and experimental data. In the models, the key intermediate was the pinylcarbonium ion, which was formed irreversibly from α-pinene. Number and distribution of Lewis and Brönsted acid sites affect the formation of bicyclic and monocyclic products.Article Citation - WoS: 11Citation - Scopus: 14Effect of Pretreatment on the Performance of Metal-Contaminated Fluid Catalytic Cracking (fcc) Catalysts(Elsevier Ltd., 2004) Bayraktar, Oğuz; Kugler, Edwin L.Effects of both hydrogen and methane pretreatment on the performance of metal-contaminated equilibrium fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts from a refinery were investigated. Both hydrogen and methane pretreatment at 700°C were proven to be advantageous since the yields of hydrogen and coke from sour imported gas oil (SIHGO) cracking decrease while light cycle oil (LCO) and gasoline yields increase. The catalysts pretreated with hydrogen have shown slightly better improvement than the catalysts pretreated with methane. The decrease in the yields of hydrogen and coke was attributed to decrease in the dehydrogenation activity of vanadium oxides, which are present at high concentrations on the equilibrium FCC catalysts. This decrease in dehydrogenation activity after the pretreatment was also confirmed by low hydrogen-to-methane ratio. It was found that reduced vanadium has lower dehydrogenation activity since it produces less coke and hydrogen compared to oxidized vanadium. Hydrogen transfer reactions were evaluated by measuring C4 paraffin-to-C4 olefin ratios. Hydrogen transfer reactions decreased with increasing metal concentration. Both hydrogen and methane pretreatment caused the hydrogen transfer reactions to increase. Improved hydrogen transfer reactions caused an increase in the gasoline range products.Article Citation - WoS: 24Citation - Scopus: 25Temperature-Programmed Reduction of Metal-Contaminated Fluid Catalytic Cracking (fcc) Catalysts(Elsevier Ltd., 2004) Bayraktar, Oğuz; Kugler, Edwin L.A temperature-programmed reduction study of equilibrium fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts has shown three hydrogen-consumption peaks associated with contaminanted metals. A low-temperature peak, located near 510°C, is produced by the reduction of several components in the catalyst. Highly-dispersed vanadium contributes to this peak. A high-temperature peak, located near 800°C, is produced by reduction of nickel aluminate or nickel silicate compounds. A linear relationship exists between the area of the high-temperature peak and nickel concentration on equilibrium catalysts. An intermediate-temperature peak, located near 690°C, appears to be related to some form of vanadium compound. The intermediate-temperature peak does not occur on low-vanadium-concentration equilibrium catalysts, but is observed at higher vanadium-contamination levels. The presence of the 690°C peak was found by deconvoluting hydrogen-consumption data. The existence of this intermediate-temperature peak was proven by external reduction of highly-contaminated equilibrium catalyst at 500 and 700°C. External reduction at 500°C removes the low-temperature peak from the temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) spectrum. External reduction at 700°C removes both the low-temperature and intermediate-temperature peaks from the TPR spectrum. The difference in spectrum between calcined and 700°C reduced samples shows a clear spectrum with only the low and intermediate-temperature peaks present.