Phd Degree / Doktora
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/2869
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Doctoral Thesis Thermal Retrofitting on Traditional Building With Exterior Hall (sofa): Urban and Rural Houses of Muğla(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2019) Timur, Barış Ali; İpekoğlu, Başak; Başaran, TahsinSustaining functional continuity of historical buildings is a commonly acknowledged conservation strategy and thermal retrofitting interventions applied on these buildings has complemental potentials to this strategy as these interventions can be designed to increase the thermal satisfaction of occupants. The aim of this thesis is to examine the thermal behavior of a common historical building type in Anatolia, the traditional houses with exterior hall, and to determine enhancement potentials of possible thermal interventions which will not cause loss of heritage values. Method of the study consists of on-site thermal measurements and transient thermal analysis of case studies utilizing the software DesignBuilder. Case studies were selected from both urban and rural sub-settlements of Muğla City in order to detect possible effects of prevailing microclimates. With the results obtained, it was demonstrated the retrofitting interventions of thermal insulation works in roofs and floors between storeys, airtightness measures, addition of secondary glazing to window frames and the addition of closed circulation corridors provide significant improvements in thermal performance of the cases. According to simulation analyses, it was specified that these interventions would save 38.0% of the total building energy use in the urban and 49.4% in the rural subsettlements. These improvement percentages can even be increased to more than 80% when the integration of a new HVAC system such as ground-source heat pump is implemented. Consequently, it was determined the traditional houses with exterior hall have significant potentials for thermal enhancements which renders the application of thermal interventions as a capable conservation strategy.Doctoral Thesis Long-Term Protection Efficiency of Biodegradable Polymer Treatments on Limestone(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2019) Kaplan, Zişan; Böke, Hasan; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; İpekoğlu, BaşakSynthetic polymers can be replaced by biodegradable ones as adhesive, water repellents and consolidants in stone conservation to preserve historic buildings from further deterioration. In this study, the long-term stabilities of two biodegradable polymers, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and poly-l-lactide (PLA) and an acrylic polymer (Paraloid B72), which are commonly used in conservation works of artefacts, were evaluated on limestone through an UV lamp-weathering chamber. Chemical and morphological changes induced by accelerated weathering test were followed by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis. The protection efficiencies of the polymers were determined by following the changes in the color, capillary water absorption and static contact angle on the limestone surfaces in accordance with CEN standards developed by the European Committee of Standardization (CEN) for conservation of cultural property. PHB, PLA and Paraloid B72 coatings significantly increased hydrophobicity, decreased capillary water absorption and caused negligible change in the color of the limestone. All polymers showed chemical, physical and optical changes under accelerated weathering conditions. Paraloid B72 decomposed by the reduction of molecular weight, decomposition of ester group and formation of gamma lactones and hydro peroxides. PHB and PLA decomposed with formation of CO2 and hydro peroxide, hydrolysis of ester groups and reduction of the molecular weight. Chemical changes cause to etching, holes, voids, cracks and slight color differentiations on the coatings by chain scission, breaking of polymer bonds and formation of volatile gaseous products. Protection efficiencies of the PLA and PHB polymers almost same as that of the widely used acrylic polymer Paraloid B72. However, PLA and PHB seem to be promising polymers as protective agents due to their reversibility and biodegradability, low chromatic changes, good hydrophobic behavior and good stability to weathering in reducing the effects of outdoor exposure on limestone surfaces.Doctoral Thesis Conservation Approaches of Patina Formation on Marble and Travertine Surfaces in the Archaeological Sites(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2017) Badur, Fulya; Böke, Hasan; Yalçın, Şerife HanımPatina, which is formed on the stone surfaces of historical buildings and monuments as a result of aging, is considered as a value of the building in the conservation of cultural heritage studies. It should be conserved on calcareous stone surfaces whether or not it represents protective characteristics, since it provides information about previous times. Within this respect, the determination of mineralogical composition, and microstructural and chemical characteristics of patina are critical for the conservation decisions. The aim of this study is to determine the characteristics of yellow patina formation on marble and yellow travertine surfaces to constitute a conservation approach in the archaeological sites. In this study, XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, LIBS and TGA were used to determine the characteristics of yellow patina formation on marble and yellow travertine surfaces in Aizanoi, Aphrodisias, Sardes and Hierapolis. Analysis results indicated that yellow patina is mainly composed of calcium oxalate (whewellite or weddelite) minerals. CaO, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, P2O5, K2O, SO3, FeO and Na2O were observed on the chemical analyses of the same samples. The results of LIBS and SEM-EDX showed that Ca increases, and other elements decrease from surface to the sound inner parts of the stone due to calcium oxalate and gypsum precipitation and clay deposition on the surfaces. The calcium oxalate patina forms a homogeneous film layer on calcite crystals. It is most likely formed by the reaction of calcite and oxalic acid produced by the biological formations on stone surfaces. It is colorless in original. The yellow color may be related with the FeO and clay deposition on the stone surfaces. The outcomes of the study proved the presence of a protective yellow patina formation on yellow travertine surfaces against the weathering effects of water which cannot be distinguished by naked eye. This patina presents same characteristics with the yellow patina on marble surfaces which should be conserved. The results of this study show that the determination of yellow patina is critical to keep irreversible cleaning interventions away from surfaces especially for the monuments that yellow travertine is used as building materials.