Phd Degree / Doktora

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  • Doctoral Thesis
    A Strategy for Disaster Risk Management Regarding Deliberate Destruction of Historic Urban Sites: Antakya, Turkiye
    (01. Izmir Institute of Technology, 2023) Mamaklı, Fatma Sezgi; Turan, Mine
    The protection process of cultural heritage before, during, and after a possible deliberate destruction is not well defined in the Turkish legal system. This study aims to present a deliberate destruction risk management plan (DRMP) for historic urban sites considering all phases of deliberate destruction risk with an emphasis on before destruction phase. Suggesting the content of the future work for during and after destruction phases and simulating the proposed before destruction measures for the historic urban site around Uzun Çarşı Street and Habib-i Neccar Mosque in Antakya are among the objectives. DRMP was proposed for historic urban sites by defining the techniques of risk management: assessment, reduction, mapping, and implementation. Risk factors for traditional streets and heritage buildings in a historic urban site were determined with reference to numerical and categorical data of physical properties, heritage values, and managerial characteristics. Risk parameters were determined as hazard and exposure, vulnerability, and coping capacity which were calculated with risk factors. Risk assessment and risk reduction implementation and mapping were prepared as a guideline by the collaboration of information coming from the site survey and literature review. The preparedness of historic urban sites against deliberate destructions was increased by the risk reduction strategies of DRMP. Results obtained by implementation of risk assessment strategies of DRMP to the case study area showed that the southeast of the case study area has high risk level. The implementation of risk reduction strategies created a dramatic decrease of risk level from high to low for most of the traditional streets and heritage buildings.
  • Doctoral Thesis
    Evolution of the Castle Towns in Southwestern Anatolia and a Framework for Their Preservation
    (01. Izmir Institute of Technology, 2023) Etlacakuş, Ayşen; Hamamcıoğlu Turan, Mine; Turan, Mine
    This study aims to develop a framework for understanding the evolution of historic castle towns and their landscapes to guide their holistic preservation. Kale Tavas (Tabae), Honaz (Chonae), and Beçin Castles in Southwest Anatolia were studied. Historic Landscape Characterization method was supported with studies at settlement and network scales, time-depth studies based on primary sources, and comparative studies with similar castle towns on the same network and abroad. Understanding the evolution of the castle towns together with their landscapes is indispensable: topography composed of low and high elevation zones, landform constituted of mountains, mesas, plateaus, plains, valleys, brooks; and land cover defined by agricultural areas, shrublands, Mediterranean woodland and residential areas. The period at which the castle towns had developed should be defined: 16th century for Kale Tavas, 9th century for Honaz and 13th century for Beçin. The commercial route linking each castle to its network should be understood west-east axis at the north of the Toros Mountains. At castle scale, land use, solid-void, relations of lot and buildings should be understood. Completion of listing of the castle towns as archeological sites and development of a legal status for their landscapes; presentation of the vista points both from the castle and from the landscape, the traces, and remains of ditches, zaviyes, bridges, caravan and migration routes, possible tent positions and settlement pattern; avoiding of reconstructions and utilization of this heritage data in the management and development of the landscape are necessary for the holistic preservation and presentation of castle town.
  • Doctoral Thesis
    Integration of Archaeological Sites With Urban Life in the Metropolitan City Centres: the Case of Agora of Smyrna/İzmir
    (Izmir Institute of Technology, 2022) Çalışkan, Merve; Turan, Mine
    This thesis aims to identify the parameters for the integration of archaeological sites in metropolitan city centres with urban life. The Agora of Smyrna was chosen as the case. The method proposed has five phases: Literature review, archival research, physical and social surveys; the Delphi study; and statistic evaluation. The Delphi study was used to define integration criteria and their weights. The correlation and regression analysis were carried out to define the content and level of integration of the citizens with the site. Sequential according of the criteria set with information coming from different sources such as literature, social surveys and Delphi study distinguishes this study from the previous work. Identification of weights of criteria via the structured communication technique made it possible to attribute significance to the outstanding aspects of integration. The indicators of each criterion were clarified and criteria were classified to define integration concepts. So, an integration framework with a hierarchical structure was developed. The integration concepts “Possesing physical access”, “Possessing social usage”, “Being a well-presented site”, “Being a well-managed site”, and the “Presence of public concern for the conservation of the site” were identified as significant for integration. New integration concepts such as “Providing benefits to its vicinity”, “Being surrounded by a qualified urban area”, and “Awareness and positive perceptions of the site’s vicinity” were identified. “Presence of public concern for the conservation of the site” is the most important integration concept whereas “Providing benefits to its vicinity” is the least important integration concept for the case of Agora. The integration level of Agora with urban life and the integration of the citizens with the site was determined as moderate.
  • Doctoral Thesis
    Structural Vulnerability of Ancient Dry Masonry Towers Under Lateral Loading
    (Izmir Institute of Technology, 2019) Gençer, Funda; Turan, Mine
    In the Antiquity, masters constructed dry masonry towers that were resistant to earthquake potential of their sites. Determination of the authentic characteristics, that play role on structural behavior, developed in antiquity should be the first step of conservation planning. This study aims to identify the structural behavior of dry masonry towers under lateral loading in relation with their characteristics so that decision making phase regarding their restoration projects can be supported. Dry masonry towers in ancient Caria, Pamphylia and Cilicia, which have different ground accelerations, are examined. Methodology of the study consists of documentation of six case studies with traditional methods, design of hypothetical towers, impact analysis of towers with quasi-static tilt technique, examination of results in terms of collapse angle and failure mechanisms, discussion with the help of the statistical approach, and proposal of a framework for vulnerability rankings and possible failure mechanisms. As a result, parameters effecting structural resistance in the order of high impact to low are staggering ratio, stone depth, ratio between block length and height, proportional relationship between height and length, opening area, number and position and even distribution of header stones. These parameters have impact on each other; so, sustaining of the qualities regarding all of them should be undertaken in their conservation. Furthermore, it is seen that there was awareness of the necessity for usage of different anti-seismic parameters in different earthquake regions. However, appropriate combination of parameters with each other were not always undertaken possibly because of limitations of local materials, budget, time or masters.
  • Doctoral Thesis
    Assessment of the Interventions Regarding Some Historical Mosques in Manisa Within the Frame of Conservation Values
    (Izmir Institute of Technology, 2018) Koşun, Suna; Turan, Mine
    In spite of the fact that General Directorate of Pious Foundations has will to provide budget for the restoration of waqf origined monuments, there are still contradictions in the related restoration applications. There is an increase in the number of restorations and decrease in the ratio between technical staff and project number. The aim of this study is to understand effects of changes on cultural asset values of waqf origined monuments which have sustained their authentic functions, evaluate the change in the values period by period, assess the current interventions, present restoration history, and propose principles for future interventions that will sustain cultural asset value. Historical mosques in Manisa and dated to different ages are selected as case studies: Haki Baba Mosque (1371), Göktaşlı Mosque (1630-31), Kabasakal Mosque (≤1841), Pazaryeri Mosque (1874) and Çarşı Mosque (1875). Mixed methods combining qualitative and quantitative techniques were used. In conclusion, picturesqueness value, spiritual value, virginity value, rarity value and age value of the monuments and their period by period changes are stated. Scale of intervention, delicacy of the monument and appropriateness of interventions in relation with principles such as reversibility, transmission of data, physical sustainability, and qualified design and workmanship were defined as the parameters that have direct impact on the sustaining of values. In addition, history of restoration of the studied mosques and principles for future interventions regarding similar structures are put forward.
  • Doctoral Thesis
    Development of a Database for the Restitution Phases of Kurşunlu Khan in Manisa
    (İzmir Institute of Technology, 2016) Saygı, Gamze; Turan, Mine
    Historic buildings are not constant assets, they are representations of mankind and cultural systems throughout the time. In such a context, it is important to enlighten the process of building’s evolution by means of restitution(s), i.e., descriptions of different (re)compositions of buildings for different historical states. Hence, restitutions are used as works of synthesis in architectural conservation, and it is a mandatory part for it. On the other hand, representation of information beyond geometric, spatial and physical characteristics of a historic building carries a crucial importance for a holistic understanding of changes in those restitutions. This requirement is a multi-fold manner consisting of representation, archival, assessment and management aspects. Regarding those aspects, databases offer promising possibilities. Nevertheless, covering the requirement of the restitution state(s) is yet quite challenging if also visualization in digital three dimensional (3D) platform is considered, which is the most desirable way since it offers users an unrestricted and holistic visualization. Accordingly, this thesis proposes a methodology for the development of a database for the restitution states of a historical monument covering not only geometric and spatial aspects, but also historical resources. The thesis has a motivation to make sharing of restitution information, and decreasing future investigation effort in order to reach information of different historic periods. In this frame, Kurşunlu Khan in Manisa, Turkey, a typical building type of Ottoman architecture (şehiriçi hanı), dating back to 15th century, is selected for testing the methodology. The principles for collection and analysis of the data regarding the case study, structuring the database, and its visualization and access possibilities are defined. The thesis concludes that database may be an efficient tool supporting both the planning of a restoration project, and archiving of comprehensive results for later interventions and research. The resulting visualization options through the database and semantically enriched 3D model effort to make an easier understanding of historic changes specific to the monument. The database is open for improvement with conservation-aimed information.
  • Doctoral Thesis
    A Retrospective Evaluation of Space Organization Principles in Architecture (building on Mimar Kemalettin Street in Izmir)
    (Izmir Institute of Technology, 2000) Turan, Mine; Hamamcıoğlu Turan, Mine; Eyüce, Ahmet; Eyüce, Ahmet
    The fundamental idea aimed in this study is to invoke some architectural ways of handling the space organization problems in historic urban sites subjected to unhealthy transformations. The dominant function may be kept as constant through out ages in a specific region, but still it is certain that architectural end products pertaining to different periods will most probably reflect the modifications in spatial decisions appropriate to their own social, cultural and economical context. It has been thought that if a method of morphological evaluation is developed to decipher the spatial qualities of the present buildings belonging to different periods, it will then be possible to derive significant spatial values to be taken into consideration in succeeding design decisions. This will result in a poly-phasal urban morphology with heterogeneous spatial qualities, instead of an enormous complexity stemming from inappropriate conversions. It is thought that the present situation of the built environment in izmir is mostly recalled with its negative aspects. Renewals and bad restorations had resulted in the loss of so far established identity on MK Street, and a better one has not been formed. Nevertheless, it has preserved the architectural characteristics that make it a transitional zone between the totally preserved historical commercial district Kemeraltl and the totally burned down and renewed Alsancak. It has buildings representing the commercial activities experienced in Traditional Ottoman, Westernization, Early Republican, Modern and Post-Modern periods in this historical commercial region of izmir.Within this frame, in each chapter of the thesis the following points have been put forth for discussion. The introduction presents the arguments of the thesis with respect to the architectural developments in the country and izmir. The aims and content are clearly stated, where as the points that will be kept out of the discussion ground are pointed out as well. This means the denotative meanings of space are chosen to be discussed instead of the connotative ones. The problem is, then, defined in terms of hypothesis. Following this, the methodology suggested for deciphering the general architectural characteristics and space organization principles of buildings has been presented. The first step of the method, therefore, involves the establishment of an architectural database necessary for further discussions and the second one proposes a morphological evaluation system for the analysis of the spatial systems of each building. The way of handling the written and illustrative results arrived at the end of the analysis is to compare them with each other to clearly state the dominant and peculiar spatial themes in text format. Finally, the buildings themselves as the primary sources of this study, together with the archive documents, old maps and photographs, travelogues, evaluations of previous researchers on history of izrnir and the architectural practice in the city, and previous studies dealing with space evaluation methods are criticized.Chapter 2 auns to get acquainted with the problems of the thesis by understanding the correlation between the social and economical developments, and also the architectural developments in izrnir through out the ages. The architectural reflections of this historical evolution have been identified on the continuously transformed commercial district of Mimar Kemalettin Street. This resume of the historical and architectural developments in the study area with respect to those within the city whole has provided a ground for the following spatial evaluations of buildings within the limits of their two constants - location and function.Chapter 3 evaluates the buildings and built form on Mimar Kemalettin Street as representatives of different architectural trends. The information pertaining to tectonics provided in the identification and design sheets, and the spatial characteristics analyzed in the system tables have been evaluated in this chapter. It is understood that there are representatives of five major architectural trends: Traditional Ottoman, Late Ottoman under the Influence of Westernization, Early Republican, Modem and Post-Modem. Comparison among different sets of buildings possessing similar function and location specifications, but created according to different architectural traditions and generally in different periods have been put forth in order to clarify the characteristics of a certain group within the set. In the conclusion, space organization principles belonging to buildings of various architectural periods and the built form in the transformed urban fabric of MK Street deciphered through out the study have been interpreted. The primary hypothesis of the thesis that each architectural trend on MK Street has its own space organization principles, but there is also a general evolution of the commercial space systems has been proved via the proposed method. The proposed method has been efficient in establishing an architectural database related with the seventy-three buildings studied. Consequently, spatial systems of each period have been delineated. Then, related analysis and evaluation results have been put forward, and compared with each other. This way of differentiating significant spatial values developed in every period will surely illuminate the decisions to be taken under the pressure of virtual transformations.