Phd Degree / Doktora
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/2869
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Doctoral Thesis A Comparative Study on the Works of German Expatriate Architects in Their Home-Land and in Turkey During the Period of 1927-1950(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2007) Pöğün Zander, Yüksel; Erkarslan, ÖzlemThis thesis studies the professional activities of the German architects in the first half of the 20th Century who have worked as expatriate architects in the newly founded Turkish Republic before and after their arrival in Turkey. The aim of the thesis is to elucidate the effects and interactions of environmental and personal factors which impacted the architectural approaches of the German architects in the Turkish context. Due to the extensive emigration movement from Germany caused by the National Socialist Government after 1933, Mid-European Modern Architecture has detached from its original context and spread throughout the world. The relocation of experienced architects to a new geographical setting, in this case the newly founded Turkish Republic, has provided means for novel experiences and applications. How these architects diversified and progressed under the prevailing multidimensional conditions have been discussed in the light of the unique opportunities and restrictions specific to the Turkish context. The first chapter of the thesis is introductory; the second chapter depicts the architectural milieu in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century and the activities of the German architects who have later come to Turkey. The third and fourth chapters investigate the professional careers of the German architects with emphasis given to the evolution observed in their architectural approaches specifically in the reformist attitudes they introduced to education, and in their architectural designs for the Turkish context. The fifth chapter is the conclusion. Keywords: Exile German Architects, Architecture in Turkey in the Early Republican Period, Bruno Taut, Paul Bonatz, Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky, Hans Poelzig, Wilhelm Schütte, Martin Elsaesser, Robert VorhölzerDoctoral Thesis An Evaluation Methodology for Assessing Artificial Lighting Quality in Architecture: the Case of Apikam(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2007) Kutlu, Hilmi Gökhan; Günaydın, Hüsnü MuratThe aim of this dissertation is to design a qualitative evaluation methodology for artificial lighting. There is a problem in the general characteristics of lighting industry, deriving from its technical vocabulary which is mainly based on quantitative parameters, values, and systems which in some ways are neglecting the main ingredient of architecture: the user. The evaluation methodology that is subject of this dissertation was considered as a qualitative approach to lighting quality. The study benefited from the knowledge of environmental psychology, concerning the effect of lighting on behaviors and tried to integrate it to the process of assessing lighting quality. The methodology depends on data collection by various means such as surveys, measurements, and computer simulations. To test the qualitative evaluation methodology, a case study was designed in the exhibition hall of the Ahmet Piritina City Archive and Museum (APIKAM) in zmir. The evaluation methodology was successfully operated and made a detailed evaluation possible on the two lighting systems in the exhibition hall of APIKAM. Both lighting systems failed in functional aspects, because of the high intensity of light they produce, the emission of UV and IR wavelengths, and glare problems. They are simply not appropriate for the selected environment, where organic . based materials are exhibited. Recessed fluorescent lighting system failed in physiological aspects as it triggers less arousal than halogen spotlighting system. Both lighting systems have failed in attention scale under psychological aspects, because none of them supply continuity in the order of visual clues that match with the sequential order of the exhibition. For aesthetic and environmental judgments, the results of the survey showed that halogen lighting system was the preferred one by the subjects. For the sub-part of feelings, recessed fluorescent lighting systems failed, because it influenced generally negative feelings, while positive feelings are generally influenced by halogen spotlighting system.Doctoral Thesis The Phenomenon of the Home in Modern Culture: Transcendental Homelessness and Escape Fantasy at the Intersection of Art and Design(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2008) Talu, Nilüfer; Ergül, EmreFragmented perception of the city; the oppressiveness of the capitalist system; the psychological conditions of the metropolis comprised integral aspects of Modernity which overwhelmed the nerves of modern urbanite. While the metropolis, the exterior, has been the source of fear and anxiety, the home, the interior, has been pointed out as the venue of escape from the outside. To the extent that the home is idealized as counterpart of the metropolis and social life, as the site of the heimlich and as one of the means of the capitalist system, becomes too a place where alienation has come to be overtly observed. The impossible desire to return to the home links up with transcendental homelessness and the escape fantasy and coalesces with the notion that .in the modern world one can only dwell in one.s body..This study focuses on the discourse that renders the modern individual in the image of the traumatic due to the pathological relationship between the modern individual and home. The research method consists of the implementation of .discourse analysis. as developed by Michel Foucault. Through this method, the argument is presented through art works/objects taken as critical spatial practices. In the context of this method, five fields are determined as constituting the positivity of the discourse: .Enterprises., .Actions., .Dialectics., .Critical Discourses., and .Critical Practices.. Through these five fields, the study analyzes such modern phenomena as individualization and alienation of the modern individual, transcendental homelessness, nostalgia, homesickness, isolation, and escape fantasy.Key Words: Modern individual, modernity, metropolis/megalopolis, modern dwelling, modernist architecture, standardization, mobility, trauma, home, domesticity, nostalgia, homesickness, uncanny, transcendental homelessness, alienation, anxiety, individualization, escape fantasy, discourse, statement, discursive formation, positivity.Doctoral Thesis Architectural Memorialisation of War: Ars Memoriae and Landscape of Gallipoli Battles(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2008) Yılmaz, Ahenk; Yücel, ŞebnemThis dissertation examines the change in the understanding of memorial architecture through an analysis of different attitudes to commemorate Dardanelles Campaign in the boundaries of Gallipoli Peninsula National and Historical (Peace) Park. Memorialisation process at the Peninsula, which has continued from the end of the war onwards (1916), has undergone a transformation from traditional to counter approaches pivoted on the Gallipoli Peace Park International Ideas and Design Competition. Parallel to the changes in memorial architecture in the world, the approach of erecting a conventional dominant monument to exalt suffering and to glorify death has superseded by the approach of highlighting the war remains and the memory of battlefields to protest the warfare. In this process, not only the function and the form of memorials but also remembering proposed to individuals by memorialisation have changed. This dissertation questions the pre-suppositions of traditional and counter memorial architecture with a new method of analysis. This method is derived from classical memorising technique of ars memoriae (the art of memory). By means of this method, this dissertation analyses war memorials in the battlefields of Gallipoli aiming at revealing similarities and disparities among different memorialisation approaches.Keywords: memory, collective remembering, war memorial, counter-monument, art of memory (ars memoriae), Dardanelles Campaign, Gallipoli Peninsula.Doctoral Thesis The Constitution of Power Relations in Spacesof Industrial Production: The Case of Four Sümerbank Campuses in the Aegean Region(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2008) Uzunoğlu, Erdal; Doğan, FehmiPlaces of industrial production, emerged in the 18th century, were originally places where different manufacturers would use the same space together. These early factories provided the tools and machinery needed, but each manufacturer would conduct its own production separately. This mode of production went through transformations to increase productivity and efficiency for high profit. Correspondingly, the demand for efficiency resulted in strict surveillance of workers and production. The realization that space has potentials in administering .efficiency. and .surveillance. led to a transformation in the morphology of industrial space. In the same process, technological inventions, new ideas on production methods and construction technologies all had undeniable effects. However, industrial sites were ultimately transformed into places where the ruling power would directly control the labor force.This study focuses on power relations played out in industrial space through a study of four Sümerbank factories namely Nazilli, İzmir, Bergama and Manisa. A comprehensive research is conducted on the instrumentalization of industrial space in the administration of power relations and on the development of industrial space. Data related to cases of the study were collected through field trips, archival research and interviews with some ex-employees of the factories. These factories are analyzed in terms of .efficiency., .discipline. and .surveillance. which are influential in the formation and transformation of the industrial space. It is concluded that these factories were mainly shaped according to efficiency and productivity as it was in the rest of the world rather than according to ideals of modernization solely and that they were places where new socioeconomic classes were formed regardless of the state ideology which preached a class-free society.Key words/phrases: power relations, industrial workspace, architecture of industrial structures, efficiency, inspection, discipline, panopticon, Turkish industrialization, Sümerbank factories.Doctoral Thesis An Analiytical Approach To Semi-Private and Semi-Public Spaces Within the Context of Urban Housing Pattern(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2002) Özgen, Elif Yeşim; Eyüce, Emine Özen; Eyüce, ÖzenThis study aims at understanding the changing public private relations in housing environments designed and produced after 80.s as a consequence of redefined context of 20th century life style and housing models. The study also aims to examine and display the transactions of the modernization processes in Turkey. Especially the mass housing settlements, in İzmir are chosen as study areas. The study evaluates the quantitative and qualitative properties of the settlement areas in which masss produced housing units are used repeatedly and monotonously.The .garden city. and .satellite city., which are accepted as the 20th century modern settlement models are surveyed, and their spatial transformations are analyzed. In this framework, the reflections of urban spatial transformation in Europe and Turkey are evaluated whitin the context of city of Izmir. Especially, the presence of semi-private areas, which hold the opportunity, and the spatial potentials of socialization such as gathering, collecting, intersecting, confronting, are surveyed within five different mass housing site examples in Izmir. From the .private space., which is the basic .housing unit. to . public space., levels of the spatial hierarcy, (which is the subject of social psychology), meant to be put forward. The transition spaces, which are semi- private and semi-public, are argued as to whether they constitute criteria in contemporary design applications. Such a concern is evaluated by comparative analysis. The study suggests to create a qualitative contribution for futher designs of quantitatively designed mass housing environments.Key words: modern settlement models, housing spatial transformation, housing pattern/hiyerarchy (public, semi-public, semi-private and public spaces), privacy concept in housing, spatial quality.Doctoral Thesis A Model for Assesing Project Management Maturity Level of Architectural Design Offices (arch-Pmm)(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2007) Beset, Doğan Arda; Günaydın, Hüsnü MuratThe aim of this dissertation is to develop a model to assess .The Project Management Maturity Level of an Architectural Design Office. (Arch-PMM). The purpose of ARCH-PMM is to develop an environment for productive and efficient design conditions. By increasing the levels of ARCH-PMM, architectural design office will create opportunity to focus on its concerns for high quality architectural design process. To determine whether Arch-PMM assessment methodology is working properly, a semi structured survey is conducted with selected architectural design offices. This study is the first attempt that focuses on architectural design offices. PM practices and processes. A 5 leveled PM Maturity Model is developed to assess architectural design offices. current PM Maturity level. Maturity levels are assessed vis a semi-structured survey. 71 Members of the Association of Turkish Independent Architects (ATIA)participated to semi-structured survey to validate the model. A list of demographical questions was asked to draw the demographical picture of the architectural design offices. Both, maturity levels and demographical data are analyzed. The results of the assessment provide the necessary information for the architects to improve their PM processes and activities. Project Integration Management was highly mature among the other function areas and it.s followed by Project Scope Management. The least matured function area was the Project Risk Management. High correlation values between the number of staff and all PM function areas are also observed. Yearly income level and overall maturity level of the architectural design offices are found to be related at correlation high levels (r.0.73). The well defined structure of architectural design process seems to support project management culture and have potentials of high project management maturity levels.Doctoral Thesis Reducing Risk in 'preservation Project Management': Re-Definition of the 'assessment Phase'(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2004) Özkut, Deniz; Eyüce, AhmetThe aim of this study is to redefine the pre-assessment phase as a sub-task that is 'pre-requisite' to the implementation and design phases of the preservation project, and to re-construct an effective project framework by emphasizing the role of the risks for the achievement of qualitative objectives. The main goal in constructing the scope of the project and the framework is to attain the synthesis of two different disciplines, namely management science and preservation.Cultural properties have significant 'values' such as having been preserved and transmitted to subsequent generations. Hence the cultural property keeps its originality; it is also required to provide for the preservation of all sorts of valuable architectural elements and values which are indicators of cultural characteristics and historical identity. When observed from a conceptual point of view, 'values' cause the divergences in the preservation process, which are named the pre-requisites in this dissertation.In regard to this dissertation, the preservation process differs from that of a In regard to this dissertation, the preservation process differs from that of a hand, and the legal requisites on the other. The seriously higher ratio of unexpected, unestimated, and unidentified input naturally entails indefiniteness in the preservation process. The most important parameter that shapes a preservation process appears to be 'risks' that consist of those indefinite input preventing the project from a proper definition of its context. The project components that debar scope definition in initial phases of the preservation process increase the risk margin in implementation process as well as intervention decisions and priorities.The Preservation Process is the preservation of the cultural property within an effective project system, which is aimed at attaining the total quality as a result of a synthesis of the technology, technique, and material originally deployed with those of the present. This preservation project, in addition, may be defined as a document that halts the deterioration, exterminates present structural deficiencies, and combines the study, research, evaluation, decision and implementation mechanisms needed to identify the intervention to be performed after research on and identification of the reasons for deterioration of the cultural property are completed.In order to achieve sound preservation, it is essential to obtain comprehensive, accurate, utilizable, and relevant information about the context in the pre-assessment phase, which takes place prior to the projecting phase of the preservation process.The pre-assessment phase is concerned with investigation, analysis, definition, understanding, and solution of the problems that will be the precise input of the priorities. The essential aim of pre-assessment phase is to differentiate the indefinite initial information about the risks in order to prevent the intervention priorities from causing any refractory consequences. Thus, prerequisites of the preservation project will be determinant in forming vertical correlation of project management tools.While approaches offered by the field of preservation occupy center stage in this dissertation, the project management will augment and support the main field.Management of the preservation projects will be in the end attainable for preservation of the cultural identity in a proper way by means of accurate decisions preservation of the cultural identity in a proper way by means of accurate decisions line with the preservation process has been attempted, the more the data of the preservation project will be re-organized and re-defined in order to analyze the risks by means of the utilization of the sub-tasks of Project Management. By means of redefinition of these components with respect to the preservation prerequisites, process of preservation project will be re-organized, as well as re-defined in order to reduce risks, within legal framework.The legal tools, which are the most influential in determining the main framework of the preservation process, are also influential in decision priorities and types of implementation of preservation work. It is primarily required to analyze all legal input including the laws and terms of reference upon which the process of preservation is dependent besides international laws, laws, regulations, by-laws of Higher Council for Preservation of Cultural Natural Entities, notes of the plans, and decisions of sites and groups by Preservation Councils, implementation principles and the unit price lists and material definitions. Those tools that have been classified as constituting the process that precedes the initiation of projecting process, projecting process, the process of approval, and implementation and postpostimplementation processes, have been discussed in terms of their respective impact upon preservation projects and challenges encountered.It is essential to achieve appropriate intervention decisions, priorities and methods of the preservation project with a process chart of pre-assessment phase besides the appropriate implementation depending on these decisions.There will be a main sentence in the chart as, "There may be some re-orientations in the preassessment phase whereas project management tools and preservation process are integrated in terms of defined flexibility".Doctoral Thesis Evolution of Trade Centres in Relation To Changing Trade Activities(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2003) Birol, Gaye; Eyüce, AhmetThis study examines contemporary shopping centres from a critical standpoint as spatial devices of the current global socio-economic system in which public realm is reduced to an active shopping realm. Thus, shopping centres that are spatial instruments of modern consumption culture are being transformed into means of social disintegration by breaking individual from community. Therefore, the aim of the study is to present the spatial characteristics of shopping spaces that emphasize social aspect (which enhances interactions among people) of shopping activity. Along this purpose, the relations between cultural differentiations and shopping activity are analysed within the context of the spatial characteristics of shopping places. In this study, the relationships between traditional urban spaces-contemporary shopping spaces will be examined from the point of spatial aspect of social interactions in city. It is assumed in the study that the spatial characteristics of traditional shopping places in urban space throughout their historical evolution can shed light upon analysing the quality of shopping spaces with capacity to enhance communal coherence, that is to say "shopping places with social attributes". Traditional shopping spaces in Turkey have started to transform along with the importation of the contemporary shopping centres which is one of the recent building types in Turkey emerged after 1980s. Thus, traditional shopping spaces have gradually failed to keep their salient spatial features during this transformation. Hence, a thorough analysis of above-defined transformation is needed as well as the establishment of spatial relations between the traditional and contemporary shopping spaces of a town. To this purpose, it is required to construct an alternative evaluation approach based on the characteristics about spatial qualities of traditional urban fabric.The major objective of this study is the investigation of spatial characteristics of traditional shopping space. Thus, it is of particular interest to find out spatial characteristics that maintain the unity between shopping activity and social fabric in traditional shopping space (that is the urban space itself in traditional city). Along this path, it is aimed to develop a new evaluation approach for the spatial analysis of shopping spaces.Spatial evaluation approach proposed in the thesis consists of spatial characteristics, which are required by urban fabric-shopping space-social structure unity of pre-industrial town in order to reinterpret them in the contemporary shopping centres. Thus, the problem area was defined in the first chapter of the study. Theoretical framework in which spatial relationships in regard to the concept of .shopping places with social attributes. is evaluated, was clarified in the second chapter. Then, in the third chapter, the study focused on revealing the historical growth of relationships between shopping space-urban space in the both Western and Anatolian cities. Spatial characteristics and cultural differentiations of shopping activity were elucidated. These characteristics were matched with the spatial characteristics that constitute "shopping places with social attributes". Therefore, a comparative analysis approach was developed in order to specify resemblances and divergences of contemporary shopping spaces with traditional shopping places in Western and Anatolian cities. In the next stage of the third chapter, traditional shopping spaces in Western and Anatolian cities were compared with contemporary shopping spaces from the viewpoint of the spatial features, with social attributes. Therefore, the spatial features of traditional "shopping places with social attributes", were established. In the fourth chapter of the study, these spatial features were systematised through theories of urban design, architectural design and shopping centre design criteria. Consequently, an alternative approach was formulated in order to evaluate the potentials for creating "shopping places with social attributes" in contemporary shopping centres. This approach, at the same time, contains a series of key principles, which can shed light upon achieving unity of urban fabric-shopping space-social structure in contemporary shopping spaces. Balıkesir is selected for the case study in association with the concept of shopping places with social attributes, which constitutes the problem area of the thesis. In the fifth chapter, the salient features of existing shopping spaces in Balıkesir were examined within the framework of this approach. Thus, it is concluded that the area must be transformed into a shopping place that can enhance social relationships by rehabilitation of the existing spatial fabric. Thus, it is suggested that traditional spatial principles should play determining role for developing design criteria of contemporary shopping spaces.It is concluded that rehabilitation of the disintegration between urban space and shopping space would facilitate formation of commercially successful shopping spaces for its investors. Also, contemporary shopping spaces would become a building typology that provides physical and spatial medium required for social functions of the city. Therefore, the concept of .shopping places with social attributes. was set forth with its all components, and was developed into a systematic evaluation approach that can be utilised for contemporary shopping spaces.Keywords: Shopping centre, shopping space, social values, traditional urban space, Balıkesir.Doctoral Thesis A Critical View of Sustainable Architecture in Turkey: a Proposal for the Municipality of Seyrek(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2003) Durmuş Arsan, Zeynep; Erkarslan, ÖzlemThis dissertation aims at developing a sustainable design process prioritizing locality in social, cultural, ecological, political, economic, technological, legalistic,and architectural terms. To this end, it aims first of all at developing an approach for elimination of misconceptions.primarily informed by technological, morphological and numerical indicators.about what constitutes the concept of sustainability in architectural practice today and therefore starts out from a critical historical overview of approaches and practices for sustainability in the world and in Turkey. The thesis undertakes the critique of sterile projects in sterile environments and calibrates the replicable and exemplary aspects of international and national sustainable design practices so as to introduce, promote and guide realistic, practicable, and case-specific sustainable architectural solutions. The specific focus in both the critical evaluation of extant sustainable practices abroad and the proposed process for the municipality of Seyrek in Menemen, Izmir, Turkey, is the distinction between the assets and needs of industrialized northern geographies and southern geographies which are in the process of industrialization and which are frequently misguided by economic exigencies imposed by the industrialized north. As a village located in an Important Bird Area, in the vicinity of a Ramsar Site and on the edge of a First-Degree Natural Conservation Area, the case area in question provides a trenchant example for the study of the meaning of sustainability in a southern socio-politico-economic zone and a challenge for the architectural designer. Seyrek is a mirror of global as well as local problems today. It is located in the middle of Gediz Delta, the large agricultural land as well, and on the edge of several specialized industrial districts of the urban sprawl of Izmir.Placing the analysis of the case area in the context of the wider framework of international policy, the thesis proceeds to propose specific design tools for a sustainable housing development project in a crucial typical new residential segment of the semi-rural settlement of Seyrek.