Phd Degree / Doktora

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/2869

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  • Doctoral Thesis
    Micellar Carrier Systems for Anticancer Drugs Using Natural Polymers
    (01. Izmir Institute of Technology, 2024) Eren, Merve Çevik; Polat, Hürriyet
    Kanser ilaçlarını tam olarak tümör bölgelerine taşımak hala zorlayıcı bir süreç olup, çoğu zaman düşük etkinlik ve belirgin yan etkilere yol açmaktadır. Bu sorunu çözmek amacıyla, ilaçları lipozomlar, nanopartiküller veya miseller içinde kapsülleyerek kemoterapiyi geliştirme çalışmaları devam etmektedir. Bu tür taşıyıcıların iki önemli gereksinimi karşılaması gerekmektedir: yapısal ve fizikokimyasal bütünlüklerini korumalı, ilacı uygun şekilde kapsayıp gerektiğinde tümör bölgesine salınımını sağlamalıdırlar. Kitosan, polimerizasyon potansiyeli, biyouyumluluğu, pH duyarlılığı ve yük özellikleri gibi benzersiz özellikleri nedeniyle ilaç taşıyıcıları için önde gelen bir aday olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. 2000 yılından itibaren yapılan literatür taraması, 'yenilikçi + nano + kitosan' anahtar kelimeleriyle 527 ilgili makale bulunmuş olup, bu alandaki geniş ve karmaşık araştırma birikimini vurgulamaktadır. Bu tez, öncelikle sentetik polimer P-123 misellerinin (hem boş hem de Docetaxel yüklü) deiyonize su (DW) ve sığır serum albümini (BSA) içeren simüle vücut sıvısındaki (SBF) stabilitesini incelemektedir. Seyreltme, yaşlandırma ve değişen ilaç ve protein konsantrasyonları altında yapılan stabilite testleri, bu misellerin belirli bir seyreltme sınırının ötesinde veya protein konsantrasyonu kritik bir eşiği aştığında bütünlüklerini kaybettiklerini göstermiştir. Bu durum, P-123 misellerinin gerçek kan plazmasındaki stabilitesinin sınırlı olduğunu ve önceki bulgularla çeliştiğini işaret etmektedir. Çalışma daha sonra hidrofobik kanser ilaçları için stabiliteyi artırmak amacıyla, kitosanı ana polimer olarak kullanarak doğal polimerik miseller geliştirmeye odaklanmıştır. Hem sentetik hem de doğal misellerin fizyolojik koşullarda stabilitesinin, misel oluşumu için gerekli kimyasal modifikasyonun türü ve derecesine göre değişen özelliklere, özellikle pH duyarlılığına bağlı olduğu bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, doğal polimerik miseller, sentetik misellerin aksine vücut sıvılarında seyreltme durumunda stabil kalmıştır. Ancak, her iki misel türü de protein etkileşimleri ile vücut sıvılarında kararsızlık göstermiş olup, hedef hücrelere ulaşmadan önce yapılarını koruyabilmeleri için yüzey modifikasyonlarının gerekli olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu nedenle ilaç yüklü kitosan miselleri, vücut sıvısında proteine dirençli hale getirilmek üzere sülfat grupları içeren başka bir biyopolimer olan fukoidan ile kaplandı. Daha sonra bu çalışmada geliştirilen kitosan misel sistemleriyle kanser hücrelerinin ölüm yüzdeleri belirlenmiş ve miseller ilaç kapsülleme mekanizmalarına göre karşılaştırılmıştır. İlacın misel yapısında fiziksel ve kimyasal bağ yaparak kapsüllenmesi olan her iki mekanizmanın da bu çalışmada test edilen koşullar altında neredeyse benzer sonuçlar verdiği gözlenmiştir. Kanser hücresi ölüm oranları, docetaxel tek başına verildiğinde elde edilen değerden daha düşük olup %60 civarındadır. Bunun nedeni misellerin hücreye alınmasından sonra gerçekleşmesi gereken ilaç salınımına bağlanmıştır. Fukoidan kaplı misellerin, hücre ölüm yüzdesini daha da azalttığı gözlenmiştir. Bunun nedeni, vücut sıvısında stabil olmalarını sağlayan negatif yük nedeni ile hücre alımı sırasında problem yaşıyor olabilmelerine bağlanmıştır. Yani negatif yük sayesinde kan içinde stabilite sağlanırken, misellerin hücreye girişi etkilenmiş ve kanser hücrelerini öldürmede etkileri azaltılmış olabilir.
  • Doctoral Thesis
    Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Porous Dendritic Polymers for Gas Sensor Applications
    (01. Izmir Institute of Technology, 2024) Büyükçakır, Onur; Zeybek, Hüseyin; Büyükçakır, Onur
    Polifenilen dendrimerler (PPD'ler), yüksek oranda dallanmış 3D küresel yapıları ile ayırt edilen makromoleküllerdir. PPD'ler genellikle merkezi çok fonksiyonlu bir çekirdek molekül etrafında fenil halkaları ve uç gruplara sahip dallarla inşa edilir. PPD'ler fizikokimyasal olarak kararlı ve sağlam yapılar sunan rijit, şekil değiştirmeyen fenil halkalarından oluşur. Bu karakteristik özellikleri PPD'leri ışık hasadı, organik elektronik, katalizörler gibi birçok uygulamada kullanılmak üzere umut verici bileşikler haline getirse de, katı haldeki gözeneksiz yapıları nedeniyle gaz ve enerji depolamada kullanımları sınırlıdır. Bu tez, fonksiyonel PPD'leri gözenekli dendritik polimerlere (PDendP'ler) dahil etmek için yeni bir modüler yaklaşım benimsemeyi amaçlamaktadır; bu yaklaşım, 'kalıcı-şekilli dendrimerleri' organik bağlayıcılarla polimerize ederek gerçekleştirilmektedir. Şekli bakımından kalıcı PPD'lerin monomer olarak kullanılması, PDendP'lerde yüzey alanlarının ve gözenekliliklerinin öngörülebilirliğini ve kontrol edilebilirliğini artıran yerel bir düzen sunar. Bu bağlamda, bu yaklaşım PDendP'lerde yapı ve işlevsellik üzerinde hassas moleküler kontrol sağlar. Bu tez, üç farklı PDendP hazırlamak için ditopik bir bağlayıcı kullanarak üç nesil PPD'nin polimerleştirilmesini önermiştir. Bu nedenle, yüzeyde bromo atomlarına sahip üç nesil PPD sentezlenmiş ve bu PPD'ler Suzuki eşleşme reaksiyonları yoluyla bağlayıcı olarak 1,4-bis(4,4,5,5-tetrametil-1,3,2-dioksaborolan-2-il)benzen kullanılarak polimerleştirilmiştir. PDendP'ler ve PPD'ler NMR, FT-IR, BET, TGA, XRD, SEM ve EDX dahil olmak üzere çeşitli analitik teknikler kullanılarak karakterize edilmiştir. Sentezlenen tüm polimerler, PDendP'lerin kemorezistör sensör uygulamaları için bir algılama malzemesi olarak potansiyelini araştırmak amacıyla etanol buharına maruz bırakılmıştır. Islak laboratuvar ortamındaki sonuçları güçlendirmek için hesaplamalı simülasyonlardan yararlanılmıştır.
  • Doctoral Thesis
    Preparation of Nanostructured Interface by Polymer Grafting on Various Solid Substrates for Biosensor Applications
    (Izmir Institute of Technology, 2021) Özenler, Sezer; Yıldız, Ümit Hakan
    This thesis presents the utilization, various applications, and characterization of the soft material-based coating formed on the gold surface with varying thickness and chemical properties resulting from the isocyanate-gold interaction. Theoretical calculations regarding the interaction of isocyanate with the gold surface revealed the character of the bond formed and the orientation of the functional groups on the surface. Results by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed the tendency to shift to the high energy at N 1s and C 1s binding energies in the gold-interacting isocyanate group. In the next steps, the isocyanate-activated gold substrate was subjected to sequential incubation of 1,4-butanediol/hexamethylene diisocyanate, and thin-film formation was achieved by surface assisted (SurfAst) urethane polymerization. It was revealed with three different applications that a nano-porous polyurethane (PU) structure was formed on the gold substrate and could be postmodified by using SurfAst polymerization method. In the first application, modification with polyethylene glycol (PEG) was provided to obtain antifouling properties. The PEG-terminated PU structure on the gold surface was shown to reduce protein adhesion by approximately ten-fold. In the second application, SurfAst was applied on the 11-mercaptodecanoic acid incubated surface and grafting onto the poly (N-allyl-N-methyl-N-(3-((4-methylthiophen-3-yl)oxy)propyl) prop-2-en-1-aminium surface was characterized. As a result of PT grafting, PT nanowires with an average height of 100 nm, a width of 250 nm, and a length of 7 μm were obtained on the gold surface. In the last application, a soft nanogel was obtained by a reactive layer-layer (rLBL) coating method using the aza-Michael addition reaction of branched polyethyleneimine and polyester on the isocyanate functional surface. The mechanical and electrical permeability and coating properties of the nanogel layer were assessed. In conclusion, the high potential of isocyanate in surface activation has been demonstrated theoretically and experimentally. Effective modification of gold surfaces by polymer grafting with the SurfAst method and rLBL coating techniques has been achieved.
  • Doctoral Thesis
    Development of Novel Polymeric Carriers for Gene Therapy
    (01. Izmir Institute of Technology, 2021) Zelçak, Aykut; Bulmuş Zareie, Esma Volga
    The development of effective delivery systems is a limiting step in gene therapy. In this work, new linear block copolymers and star polymers were synthesized, and their siRNA delivery abilities were investigated. For this aim, diblock copolymers consisting of alternative "stealth" polymer blocks (PEG, P(OEGMA) (Poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate)) or P(OEtOxMA) (Poly(oligo(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) methacrylate))); and same cationic polymer block (P(AEAEMA) (Poly(2-((2-aminoethyl)amino)ethyl methacrylate))), have been prepared via RAFT polymerization or combination of CROP and RAFT polymerizations. Additionally, to demonstrate the effect of polymeric architecture, P(OEGMA)/P(AEAEMA) miktoarm star polymers have also been synthesized via RAFT polymerization. Polymers were characterized by SEC, NMR and DLS. siRNA complexation was investigated by gel electrophoresis, DLS, SEM and TEM. Compared to star polymers, linear block copolymers could bind the siRNA molecules easier and tighter due to their more flexible natures and sterically accessible amine groups. The diameter of star polymer-siRNA complexes at N/P of 50 was found to be approximately 20 nm. Compared to this, linear block copolymers formed smaller particles (≈ 10 nm) at the same N/P ratio. The viability of linear block copolymer-treated cells was found to be 50% or better at the polymer concentration of 5 µM. In contrast, star polymers showed more detrimental effects at the same polymer concentrations. P(OEGMA)43-b-P(AEAEMA)45-siRNA complexes at N/P of 50 were taken up by 63.5% and 74.1% of H460 and Mda-mb-231 cells, respectively. In contrast, P(AEAEMA)40-b-P(OEtOxMA)38 complexes showed much lower uptake profile at the same conditions. Remarkably, P(OEGMA)43-b-P(AEAEMA)45-siRNA complexes showed potent gene silencing effect on Mda-mb-231 cells as shown by luciferase and RT-qPCR assays. Overall, it has been found that "stealth" polymers and polymeric architecture have a very significant effect on siRNA delivery.
  • Doctoral Thesis
    Macromolecular Design of Hydroxyl Functional Linear and Star-Shaped L-Lactide and ?-Caprolactone Biodegradable Polyesters Utilizing Biosafe Catalysts for Biomedical Applications
    (Izmir Institute of Technology, 2017) Başalp, Dildare; Tıhmınlıoğlu, Funda
    In the present study, macromolecular design of homo and copolymers of lactide (LA) and ε-caprolactone (CL) in different structures by the use of biocompatible catalysts and co-initiators were performed to satisfy a need of tailor-made bioassimilable polymeric structures without any hazardous metal contaminants for various medical applications. Linear and star shaped (di, tetra and hexa functional) poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) homo/copolymers were synthesized by using bismuth(III)acetate (Bi(III)Ac) and creatinine as biosafe catalysts and ethylene glycol, pentaerythritol and myo-inositol as co-initiators. The effect of catalyst type on polymer properties was observed by differences in crystalline structure. Crystalline and amorphous linear and star shaped PLLAs were obtained by using Bi(III)Ac and creatinine as catalysts, respectively. The activity of creatinine was very low comparing to Bi(III)Ac and SnOct2 catalysts. The reactivity of LA monomer was found to be higher than that of CL monomer. The high molecular weight polymers having low PDI values were obtained by using Bi(III)Ac catalyst contary to creatinine catalyst. The decrease in glass transition temperatures and molecular weights of synthesized PLLA and PCL homo/copolymers were observed with the increase in amount of co-initiators due to the decrease in chain length and disruption of crystal formation. The cytotoxicity properties of the catalysts and synthesized linear and functional homo/co PLLAs and PCLs were carried out according to MTT assay. Cytotoxicity of Bi(III)Ac was found as lower than that of SnOct2. Creatinine and the synthesized polymers did not show any cytotoxic properties. The observation of no cytotoxic effect of creatinine catalyst results in the biosafe usage of creatinine catalyst instead of toxic SnOct2 for the synthesis of moderate or low molecular weight homo/co PLLAs and PCLs in bioapplications.
  • Doctoral Thesis
    Enhancement of Thermal, Electrical and Optical Properties of Zinc Oxide Filled Polymer Matrix Nano Composites
    (Izmir Institute of Technology, 2009) Özmıhçı, Filiz; Balköse, Devrim
    The purpose of this study is to enhance the electrical, thermal and optical properties of polyethylene and polypropylene by the addition of zinc oxide (ZnO) filler.Embedding ZnO in a polymeric matrix could make an economic, weight saving, chemically resistive, optical, flexible and conductive materials which possesses the properties of zinc oxide.Composites with higher electrical and thermal conductivity having luminescence properties were prepared using commercial and hydrothermally synthesized ZnO powders with different particle size and conductivity. Effect of ZnO loading and surface treatment on composite properties was investigated. Luminescence effects in green and blue regions were detected in all powders due to the defects on the structure of ZnO.The powders were found to be moderately conductive materials, as well. Un-homogenously dispersed composites were prepared using rheomixer since especially nano powders tended to be agglomerated in the composite. On the other hand, different surface properties of powder and polymer caused adhesion and wetting problems. Microvoids were detected in the interphase, as well.Composites can be used as an electrostatic dissipation and moderate electrical conductive applications in the field of electrical conductivity, as a heat sink in the field of thermal conductivity and as a solid state lamp due to luminescence properties. Stiffness of the composites was very high compared to neat polymer and can be properly used as an engineering material.
  • Doctoral Thesis
    The Effects of Diatom Frustule Filling on the Quasi-Static and High Strain Rate Mechanical Behavior of Polymer Matrices
    (Izmir Institute of Technology, 2010) Gültürk, Elif; Güden, Mustafa
    In this study quasi-static tension and quasi-static (1x10-3 and 1x10-1 s-1) and high strain rate (300-600 s-1) compression and quasi-static tensile behavior of diatom frustules-filled, Diatomaceous earth (CD) and Kieslguhr (ND), epoxy matrices were investigated experimentally and microscopically. For comparison, the compression and tensile behavior of the neat epoxy was also determined. Compression results showed that diatom frustules filling increased both modulus and yield strength of the epoxy matrix at quasi-static and high strain rates. ND frustules filled epoxy samples showed a higher strain rate sensitivity compare with CD filled samples. Tensile test results showed that the modulus of filled epoxy increased with increasing frustule content. The frustule filling, however, decreases the tensile failure strains of the epoxy and increased the tensile strength slightly. Microscopic observations on the fracture surfaces and the mounted cross-sections of deformed samples showed that the failure mechanisms were debonding of the frustules-epoxy interface and the fracture of the frustules at quasistatic strain rates while the failure of the filled composite at high strain rate was dominated by the fracture of the matrices. These results confirmed that significant benefits might anticipated from the use of diatom frustules as reinforcements and fillers in polymeric materials. Various methods; acid leaching, thermal shock and ball milling were further applied to process nano size silica powder from frustules. Projectile impact tests indicated that frustule addition increased the ballistic resistance of epoxy matrices. Finally, the strength and modulus of the filled epoxy matrices were predicted using analytical models developed for short fiber composites.