Phd Degree / Doktora
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/2869
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Doctoral Thesis Evaluation of Different Urban Transformation Strategies Through Effectiveness Indicators in Earthquake-Prone Areas(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2023) Bozkurt, Uğur; Veli̇beyoğlu, KorayTürkiye gibi gelişmekte olan ülkelerde afet riski altındaki alanların kentsel dayanıklılığını artırmak için öncelikle fiziksel yapının afet risklerini azaltırken sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı sağlamak gerekmektedir. Bu bağlamda Fiziksel, Ekonomik, Sosyal, Çevresel, Yasal ve Kurumsal, Planlama ve Tasarım ile Teknolojik gibi birçok kategoride önemli sorunlar bulunmaktadır. Ancak bu tez kapsamında, kentsel dönüşüm stratejilerinin belirlenmesinde yaşanan karar verme sorununa odaklanılmıştır. Bu bağlamda amaç, afet riskli alanlarda kentsel dönüşümden sorumlu kurumların kullanabileceği Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Yöntemlerine dayalı bir karar verme modeli geliştirmek ve modelin çalışma sürecine ilişkin bir pilot çalışma gerçekleştirmektir. Bu amaçla, literatürde, mevzuatta ve kentsel dönüşüm pratiğinde yer alan üç yüz adet gösterge/kriter ile tez kapsamında belirlenen beş adet kentsel dönüşüm sürecine [(1) Bütüncül Kentsel Dönüşüm ve Uygulama Modeli, (2) Bütüncül Kentsel Dönüşüm ve Parçalar Halinde Uygulama Modeli, (3) Parçacıl Kentsel Dönüşüm ve Uygulama Modeli, (4) Önemli Yatırımların Mevcut Yapıya Eklenmesi Modeli, (5) Parsel Bazlı Kentsel Dönüşüm Modeli] ilişkin karar alternatifi tipolojisi kullanılarak bu araştırma sonuçları test edilmiştir. Bu değerlendirme için kurumlarla anket çalışması yapılarak gösterge sayısı azaltılmış ve Aktepe-Emrez Mahalleleri Kentsel Dönüşüm Projesi kapsamında bir vaka çalışması yapılarak anketin analizinin sonrasında kritik göstergeler olarak belirlenen yirmi adet gösterge ilgili birimlerin yetkilileri ile test edilmiş ve sonuçlar değerlendirilmiştir. Microsoft Excel Programı üzerinde geliştirilen kriter ağırlıklarının belirlenmesine dayalı DEMATEL ve ENTROPI yöntemleri ile karar alternatiflerinin sıralanmasına dayalı PROMETHEE ve COPRAS yöntemleri kullanılarak geliştirilen INTEMUS yönteminin, kentsel dönüşümden sorumlu kurumlar tarafından uygulanabilecek bir karar verme yöntemi olarak kullanılması amaçlanmaktadır.Doctoral Thesis Critical Spatial Standpoint on Neoliberal Urban Restructuring: a Case Study on Urban Restructuring Processes in Narlıdere, İzmir(01. Izmir Institute of Technology, 2023) Kılıçkaya, Ulaş Şansal; Arslan Avar, AdileThe thesis proposes a critical spatial approach to reveal the political, economic, and social dimensions of the urban development plans and projects (UDPs) in the context of neoliberal urban restructuring in Turkey. . It aims to enrich the theoretical and methodological foundations of critical urban studies and spatial planning, focusing on UDPs as a key neoliberal urban strategy. Despite extensive research on cities and their spaces, there is still a lack of critical understanding of the 'urban process', and of the actors and networks underlying these processes. The study tries to fill this gap by providing a critique of capitalism and its inherent uneven development, neoliberal political and economic restructuring, and neoliberal urban policy from a political economic perspective. The thesis concentrates on the neoliberal plans and projects produced by the state and capital as mechanisms to overcome capitalist crises. The thesis problem is to contribute to a critical urban theory that can explain and transform the socio-spatial processes in urban spaces, especially in light of the global expansion of 21st-century capitalism. The methodology used in the thesis is methodological pluralism, using various qualitative and quantitative research techniques to critically analyze the socio spatial processes of neoliberal urban restructuring.. It argues that UDPs are driven by the logic of profit and land rent, and that they exclude the participation and the rights of the poor and marginalized inhabitants. It seeks to critically elaborate on issues such as gentrification, dispossession, displacement, segregation, and polarization in the spaces of UDPs, instrumentalized as a mechanism of neoliberal urban restructuring processes in NarlıdereDoctoral Thesis Reading Types of Urban Form as a Tool for Conservation Development Plans(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2021) Güçer Payamcı, Evrim; Velibeyoğlu, KorayUrbanization processes and incremental approaches ignore, even destroy, the continuity of the built environment that is defined with the historical traces. Planning studies, which aim to provide continuity or create the future with references of the past, require a comprehensive and pro-determinist urban analysis. This study aims to analyze existing city and its communication with former layers to reveal continuity of the city. Such analysis can be defined as reading urban layers, or typological-morphological analysis including social dimensions that create layers. In this context, urban typo-morphological approaches and on conservation development plans is handled. Existing legal framework and Technical Specifications of Conservation Development Plan is evaluated and, conservation development plans prepared through these specifications is criticized as their insufficiency for multi-layered historical cities. An analytical method is presented to read urban texture diachronically and synchronically as an attempt to improve integrated conservation methods. Especially, reading method of Caniggia and Petruccioli, representators of Italian Morphology School provides knowledge to constitute the method. Some parameters are formed in an attempt to understand formation process of multi-layered historical cities.Doctoral Thesis Participatory Approach in Urban Design: Evaluating the Process in the Case of İzmirdeniz(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2021) Arslan, Özlem; Kaya Erol, NursenThe starting point of this study is the lack or insufficiency of participation in urban design projects, despite the emphasis for the need of an effective participation in literature. Participation is based on the idea that a built environment works better when users are involved in its creation and management. Successful participatory projects allow urban managers and designers to realize the potential of a participatory approach. However, integration of participation into urban design processes involves challenges and opportunities, which do not exist in conventional urban design processes. This thesis aims to describe how can participation be integrated into an urban design process. A qualitative research design and a case study approach is used in the thesis. The case study of the thesis focuses on the process of the "İzmirdeniz" Project, which is presented as a participatory urban design project. The thesis revealed that İzmirdeniz Project, achieved a "symbolic participation" not an "active participation". An open and flexible participatory urban design process, allowing inputs and feedback continuously, is essential for an effective participation. The institution leading the project must be committed to pursue a participatory process, determine goals, stakeholders, methods, and the level of participation. Reinterpreting the urban design process according to current expectations, and proposing perspectives in which the user can participate in the urban design process, without losing control of professional knowledge, expertise and design focus, is necessary for improving living environments.Doctoral Thesis Regional Uneven Development and Liberalisation in Turkey(01. Izmir Institute of Technology, 2020) Özbolat, Nida Kamil; Avar, AdileLiberal economic programmes have been systematically implemented in Turkey since the early 1980s. These programmes aimed to launch a transformation, from import substitution under state direction to export oriented open-market conditions. Following this transformation, economic, political, institutional and spatial structures have drastically changed. Moreover, this process resulted highly uneven in terms of income distribution, both socially and geographically. The objective of this thesis is to analyse the relationships between regional uneven development and liberalisation in the case of Turkey; by doing this, it also contributes to the debates on liberalism through the revision of mainstream approaches by, per contra, drawing on the principles of critical approaches in a comprehensive way owing to the understanding provided by the concepts of 'actually existing neoliberalism', and 'spatiotemporal fixes'. To this end, beside descriptive statistics and well-known inequality indices, empirical analyses including nonspatial and spatial convergence models are applied at the level of NUTS 2. In addition, these analyses are completed through the distribution dynamics approach, which offers insights on the cross-sectional distribution of income. The analyses, on the one hand, report an overall slow convergence between regions; on the other hand, a polarisation issue in the regional pattern is identified in terms of notable gaps between three income levels. Findings indicate that liberal policies have not offered a permanent solution for the issue of uneven development. Therefore, closing regional disparities should be a serious policy concern and economic strategies should be better aligned with spatial/regional policies to address uneven development.Doctoral Thesis Gis Besed Spatial Equity Mapping and Park Provision at Neighborhood Scale: Izmir Case(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2019) Özkan, Sevim Pelin; Şenol, FatmaDecision making and implementation processes of allocation of neighborhood parks are significant in urban planning. Neighborhood parks contribute to the continuity of biodiversity and improvement of individual/communal physical, social and mental health. Such green public areas in the city are planned under the influence of multi-factors that do not always prioritize these significances and accessibility of these areas for various social groups. As in the case of Izmir City (Turkey), ultimately, there are spatial inequity among neighborhoods in terms of the existence of public green areas. The areas with limited size of neighborhood parks have often high percentages of children, elderly and low-income—that is the social groups that need to get access in walking distance and benefit from these areas. This study conceptualize these areas as ‘park poor’ and the potential user groups as need groups. This study argues that it is possible to develop accessible new green areas in already developed “park-poor” urban areas. Using tools of Geographic Information Systems (GISs) and relying on need-based equity approach, this study presents a GIS based procedure to assess the accessibility to existing park areas and to allocate new neighborhood parks at the neighborhood level in “park-poor” areas of Izmir (Turkey). It contributes to the discussions about the spatial equity mapping and accessibility to areas as part of environmental justice issues. Also, arguing that urban green areas are public resources, this study emphasizes that urban planning policies must re-plan neighborhood parks based on the need-based equity that favors accessibility of neighborhood parks primarily by children, elderly, women and low income groups. Moreover, this study differs greatly from earlier studies about its spatial scale of investigation and use of data. This study suggests park provision procedure in park-poor neighborhoods. To develop these at the neighborhood-level, a set of spatial-statistical analyzes are developed using GISs.Doctoral Thesis Rural-Ecological Commons: Case of Pastures in Izmir(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2018) Hazar, Dalya; Velibeyoğlu, KorayThe main research interest of this study is to determine the conflicts on the pastures, which are defined as the rural-ecological commons that are important for biodiversity and ecological sustainability. The study focuses on the transformative impacts of enclosure and commodification processes on the pastures. Pastures are crucial entities especially within the four dimensions, rich biodiversity of flora and fauna, rural development, erosion prevention, and rural traditions. Case study areas are located at three districts of İzmir are examined within the context of the conflicts on the pastures in relation with the recent legal regulations, determination, delimitation and allocation processes, malpractices, climate change and the civil responses. The data gathered from the snowball interviews, in-depth interviews with professionals and village headmen, personal observations, commission reports and media analysis are evaluated by the content analysis to determine the main conflicts to generate the pasture dimensions for the eDPSIR causal network model. DPSIR is a facilitative organization tool, which aims to understand the cause and effect relationships in the environmental and social issues to eliminate the socio-environmental conflicts and to simplify the data transmission for better communication with the decision-makers, which also has a potential to be used during the EIA and SIA report processes. In this study, a pasture dimension set within an eDPSIR causal analysis model is constituted for re-positioning and re-evaluating pastures in the planning and design literatures, and the verification of the data enhanced by the methodological triangulation. The exploratory case study method is the research design strategy of the study. Outcomes of the study reveals the main land use conflicts on the pastures and the triggering drivers, pressures, states, impacts and the recommended responses. The study confirms that the ecological-sensitive planning can be a crucial tool in terms of protecting and improving the pastures.Doctoral Thesis Regional Convergence, Migration and Factor Mobility in Turkey(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2018) Alpaykut Bayrak, Seda Senem; Duran, Hasan EnginThe vast majority of the regional studies have focused on the evolution of income inequalities across regions. The empirical literature has largely been inspired by Neoclassical Growth Theory which predicts convergence of economies to a unique steady state. In terms of factor mobility, far little attention has been paid to the impact of human mobility. Indeed, few studies have tried to investigate the migration patterns related to regional inequalities. Within these studies, there has been quite a little attempt to examine the impacts of migration sub-components. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate the following research questions: Do regional income inequalities tend to increase/decrease in Turkey? Does recent migration reduce income inequalities across regions? How do the components of migration (with respect to age, gender, education) affect regional income distribution? The empirical study covers a period between 2004 and 2014 for 26 NUTS II regions of Turkey. A wide range of statistical tools was applied: Descriptive Statistics, Explorative Analysis, Global and Local Moran I’s tests, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, LSDV Panel Regression, Robust Lagrange Multiplier Tests, Spatial Error and Lag Models. Consequently, regional income inequalities are found to be quite sizable in Turkey. However, income disparities tend to decline and regions tend to converge. Increasing migration is found to reduce regional income disparities. Nearly all migration components tend to affect the income growth negatively with different impact factors. Briefly, the novel contribution of the study is to reveal a converging trend in per capita income growth of regions and different impacts of migration components, recently.Doctoral Thesis Agro Food System Transitions? Exploring Alternative Agro Food Initiatives in Izmir, Turkey(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2016) Karakaya, Emel; Özatağan, GüldemThis dissertation investigates emerging Alternative Agro Food Systems (AAFSs) in Turkey and does so by focusing on three niche initiatives in İzmir. Building on Regime Theory and the Multi-Level Perspective, it views these initiatives as strategic niches and explores their development processes by documenting their socio-technical practices. Thus, this thesis fulfills the understanding of newly emerging alternatives and their transformation in Turkey with regard to their development processes in İzmir. Through exploratory qualitative multiple case study, this dissertation provided a meso-level investigation, documentation of the agro food system and micro-level investigation of Alternative Agro Food Initiatives in Turkey. A micro-level exploration is undertaken by three niche initiatives in İzmir; (a) producer initiated Alternative Agro Food Niche- Gödence Cooperative, (b) consumer initiated Alternative Agro Food Niche- BİTOT and (c) producer-consumer collaborated Alternative Agro Food Niche-Foça Earth Market. Case studies, which are explored in İzmir, have provided a city-level investigation through examination of role of İzmir in the emergence and development of alternative agro food niches. Case studies reveal characteristics and development processes of alternative food initiatives. Gödence revealed a niche that shows a degree of compatibility with the incumbent regime. This compatibility blunted the innovative capacity of the niche due to several structural reasons and path-dependencies. Stabilizing path-dependencies created tendencies which restrain the diffusion of socio-technical practices. On the other hand, BİTOT and Foça Earth Market formed new niches. The creativity, talent to widen voluntarism and existing networks of Buğday Association provides BİTOT a web of volunteers to create, design and apply socio-technical practices. Foça Earth Market’s unique innovation capacity is lying under its artifice to use incumbent regime institutions to create alternative socio-technical practices. The flexibility in the Foça Niche to motivate actors including those from mainstream regime has contributed to the innovative capacity of the initiative.Doctoral Thesis The Use of Nonextensive Framework in Connection With Traffic Flow(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2015) Koşun, Çağlar; Özdemir, Serhan; Çelik, Hüseyin MuratIn the analysis of vehicular traffic flow, numerous techniques are utilized in the literature. In this thesis, distinct from the literature, to reveal the complexity of the traffic flow and its connection with the urban and traffic factors, nonextensive thermostatistics is implemented. In real systems, e.g. vehicular traffic flow, the probability distributions would become q-Gaussian and thus the use of nonextensive thermostatistics would be relevant. This approach allows a statistical interpretation to handle the given traffic flow problem. In this thesis, highway traffic flow modeling is in question in the nonextensive framework and two case studies are presented. First is related with lane changing and driver behavior, and the other is related with the superstatistics and traffic flow. In the first case study, scenario-based vehicular interactions are examined and driver behaviors are extracted by virtue of given entropy approaches. Given the configurations, Tsallis entropy approach characterizes safe driving behavior, whereas Boltzmann-Gibbs one describes unsafe driving. In the second case, vehicle speeds on the selected highway are analyzed through superstatistics theory. Two distinct q values are computed as 1.3 and 1.8 out of q-Gaussian and beta parameter distributions, respectively. The q value of 1.3 represents the highway segment with a certain flow, while the q value of 1.8 specifies the history of the traffic flow. As a result, it is revealed that the real vehicular traffic flow would involve the nonadditivity, which mainly stems from vehicular interactions as well as the urban and traffic planning decisions.