Computer Engineering / Bilgisayar Mühendisliği

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  • Article
    Citation - Scopus: 5
    Unifying Behavioral and Feature Modeling for Testing of Software Product Lines
    (World Scientific Publishing, 2023) Belli, Fevzi; Tuğlular, Tuğkan; Ufuktepe, Ekincan
    Existing software product line (SPL) engineering testing approaches generally provide positive testing that validates the SPL's functionality. Negative testing is commonly neglected. This research aims to unify behavioral and feature models of an SPL, enable testing before and after variability binding for domain-centric and product-centric testing, and combine positive and negative testing for a holistic testing view. This study suggests behavioral modeling with event sequence graphs (ESGs). This heterogeneous modeling strategy supports bottom-up domain testing and top-down product testing with the feature model. This new feature-oriented ESG test creation method generates shorter test sequences than the original ESG optimum test sequences. Statechart and original ESG test-generating methods are compared. Positive testing findings are similar. The Statechart technique generated 12 test cases with 59 events, whereas the ESG technique created six test cases with 60 events. The ESG technique generated 205 negative test cases with 858 events with the Test Suite Designer tool. However, the Conformiq Designer tool for the Statechart technique does not have a negative test case generation capability. It is shown that the proposed ESG-based holistic approach confirms not only the desirable (positive) properties but also the undesirable (negative) ones. As an additional research, the traditional ESG test-generating approach is compared to the new feature-oriented method on six SPLs of different sizes and features. Our case study results show that the traditional ESG test generation approach demonstrated higher positive test generation scores compare to the proposed feature-oriented test generation approach. However, our proposed feature-oriented test generation approach is capable of generating shorter test sequences, which could be beneficial for reducing the execution time of test cases compared to traditional ESG approach. Finally, our case study has also shown that regardless of the test generation approach, there has been found no significant difference between the Bottom-up and Top-down test strategies with respect to their positive test generation scores. © World Scientific Publishing Company.
  • Article
    Citation - WoS: 9
    Citation - Scopus: 13
    Microservice-Based Projects in Agile World: a Structured Interview
    (Elsevier, 2024) Unlu, Huseyin; Kennouche, Dhia Eddine; Soylu, Gorkem Kiling; Demirors, Onur
    Context: During the last decade, Microservice-based software architecture (MSSA) has been a preferred design paradigm for a growing number of companies. MSSA, specifically in the form of reactive systems, has substantial differences from the more conventional design paradigms, such as object-oriented analysis and design. Therefore, adaptation demands software organizations to transform their culture. However, there is a lack of research studies that explore common practices utilized by software companies that implement MSSAs.Objective: In this study, our goal is to get an insight into how practices such as an agile methodology, software analysis, design, test, size measurement, and effort estimation are performed in software projects which embrace the Microservice-based software architecture paradigm. Together with the identification of practices utilized for the MSSA paradigm, we aim to determine the challenges organizations face to adopt microservice-based software architectures.Method: We performed a structured interview with participants coming from 20 different organizations over different roles, domains, and countries to collect information on their views, experience, and the challenges faced.Results: Our results reveal that organizations find agile development compatible with microservices. In general, they continue to use traditional object-oriented modeling notations for analysis and design in an abstract way. They continue to use the same subjective size measurement and effort estimation approaches that they were using previously in traditional architectures. However, they face unique challenges in developing microservices.Conclusion: Although organizations face challenges, practitioners continue to use familiar techniques that they have been using for traditional architectures. The results provide a snapshot of the software industry that utilizes microservices.
  • Article
    Citation - WoS: 1
    Citation - Scopus: 1
    How Software Practitioners Perceive Work-Related Barriers and Benefits Based on Their Educational Backgrounds: Insights From a Survey Study
    (IEEE, 2023) Ünlü, Hüseyin; Yürüm, Ozan Raşit; Özcan Top, Özden; Demirörs, Onur
    Survey results show that software practitioners from nonsoftware-related backgrounds face more barriers, have fewer benefits, and feel less satisfied in their work life. However, these differences reduce with more than 10 years of experience and involvement in software-related graduate programs, certificates, and mentorship.
  • Article
    Spectral Test Generation for Boolean Expressions
    (World Scientific Publishing, 2023) Ayav, Tolga
    This paper presents a novel method for testing Boolean expressions. It is based on spectral, aka Fourier analysis of Boolean functions which is exploited to generate test inputs. The approach has three important contributions: (i) It generates a relatively small test suite with a high capability of fault detection, (ii) The test suite is prioritized such that expected fault detection time is shorter, (iii) It is entirely mathematical relying on a simple and straightforward formula. The proposed method is formulated and evaluations are performed on both synthetic and real expressions. It is also compared with two common test generation criteria, MC/DC and Minimal MUMCUT. Evaluations show that the test suite generated by the spectral approach is relatively small while expressing the capability of a better and quicker fault detection. The approach presented in this paper provides a useful insight into how spectral/Fourier analysis of Boolean functions can be exploited in software testing.
  • Article
    Citation - WoS: 2
    Citation - Scopus: 3
    Mutation-Based Minimal Test Suite Generation for Boolean Expressions
    (World Scientific Publishing, 2023) Ayav, Tolga; Belli, Fevzi
    Boolean expressions are highly involved in control flows of programs and software specifications. Coverage criteria for Boolean expressions aim at producing minimal test suites to detect software faults. There exist various testing criteria, efficiency of which is usually evaluated through mutation analysis. This paper proposes an integer programming-based minimal test suite generation technique relying on mutation analysis. The proposed technique also takes into account the cost of fault detection. The technique is optimal such that the resulting test suite guarantees to detect all the mutants under given fault assumptions, while maximizing the average percentage of fault detection of a test suite. Therefore, the approach presented can also be considered as a reference method to check the efficiency of any common technique. The method is evaluated using four well-known real benchmark sets of Boolean expressions and is also exemplary compared with MCDC criterion. The results show that the test suites generated by the proposed method provide better fault coverage values and faster fault detection.
  • Article
    Studying the Co-Evolution of Source Code and Acceptance Tests
    (World Scientific Publishing, 2023) Yalçın, Ali Görkem; Tuğlular, Tuğkan
    Testing is a vital part of achieving good-quality software. Deploying untested code can cause system crashes and unexpected behavior. To reduce these problems, testing should evolve with coding. In addition, test suites should not remain static throughout the software versions. Since whenever software gets updated, new functionalities are added, or existing functionalities are changed, test suites should be updated along with the software. Software repositories contain valuable information about the software systems. Access to older versions and differentiating adjacent versions' source code and acceptance test changes can provide information about the evolution process of the software. This research proposes a method and implementation to analyze 21 open-source real-world projects hosted on GitHub regarding the co-evolution of both software and its acceptance test suites. Related projects are retrieved from repositories, their versions are analyzed, graphs are created, and analysis related to the co-evolution process is performed. Observations show that the source code is getting updated more frequently than the acceptance tests. They indicate a pattern that source code and acceptance tests do not evolve together. Moreover, the analysis showed that a few acceptance tests test most of the functionalities that take a significant line of code.
  • Article
    Citation - Scopus: 1
    An Interestingness Measure for Knowledge Bases
    (Elsevier, 2023) Oğuz, Damla; Soygazi, Fatih
    Association rule mining and logical rule mining both aim to discover interesting relationships in data or knowledge. In association rule mining, relationships are identified based on the occurrence of items in a dataset, while in logical rule mining, relationships are determined based on logical relationships between atoms in a knowledge base. Association rule mining has been widely studied in transactional databases, mainly for market basket analysis. Confidence has become the most widely used interesting measure to assess the strength of a rule. Many other interestingness measures have been proposed since confidence can be insufficient to filter negatively associated relationships. Recently, logical rule mining has become an important area of research, as new facts can be inferred by applying discovered logical rules. They can be used for reasoning, identifying potential errors in knowledge bases, and to better understand data. However, there are currently only a few measures for logical rule mining. Furthermore, current measures do not consider relations that can have several objects, called quasi-functions, which can dramatically alter the interestingness of the rule. In this paper, we focus on effectively assessing the strength of logical rules. We propose a new interestingness measure that takes into account two categories of relations, functions and quasi-functions, to assess the degree of certainty of logical rules. We compare our proposed measure with a widely used measure on both synthetic test data and real knowledge bases. We show that it is more effective in indicating rule quality, making it an appropriate interestingness measure for logical rule evaluation. & COPY; 2023 Karabuk University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
  • Article
    Citation - WoS: 3
    Citation - Scopus: 4
    Scalable Rfid Authentication Protocol Based on Physically Unclonable Functions
    (Elsevier, 2023) Kurt, Işıl; Alagöz, Fatih; Akgün, Mete
    Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is commonly used for tracking and identifying objects. However, this technology poses serious security and privacy concerns for individuals carrying the tags. To address these issues, various security protocols have been proposed. Unfortunately, many of these solutions suffer from scalability problems, requiring the back-end server to work linearly in the number of tags for a single tag identification. Some protocols offer O(1) or O(log n) identification complexity but are still susceptible to serious attacks. Few protocols consider attacks on the reader-side. Our proposed RFID authentication protocol eliminates the need for a search in the back-end and leverages Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) to securely store tag secrets, making it resistant to tag corruption attacks. It provides constant-time identification without sacrificing privacy and offers log2 n times better identification performance than the state-of-the-art protocol. It ensures destructive privacy for tag holders in the event of reader corruption without any conditions. Furthermore, it enables offline readers to maintain destructive privacy in case of corruption.
  • Article
    Citation - WoS: 3
    Citation - Scopus: 6
    An Exploratory Case Study Using Events as a Software Size Measure
    (Springer, 2023) Hacaloğlu, Tuna; Demirörs, Onur
    Software Size Measurement is a critical task in Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). It is the primary input for effort estimation models and an important measure for project control and process improvement. There exist various size measurement methods whose successes have already been proven for traditional software architectures and application domains. Being one of them, functional size measurement (FSM) attracts specific attention due to its applicability at the early phases of SDLC. Although FSM methods were successful on the data-base centric, transaction oriented stand-alone applications, in contemporary software development projects, Agile methods are highly used, and a centralized database and a relational approach are not used as before while the requirements suffer from a lack of detail. Today's software is frequently service based, highly distributed, message-driven, scalable and has unprecedented levels of availability. In the new era, event-driven architectures are appearing as one of the emerging approaches where the 'event' concept largely replaces the 'data' concept. Considering the important place of events in contemporary architectures, we focused on approaching the software size measurement problem from the event-driven perspective. This situation guided us to explore how useful event as a size measure in comparison to data-movement based methods. The findings of our study indicates that events can be promising for measurement and should be investigated further in detail to be formalized for creating a measurement model thereby providing a replicable approach.
  • Conference Object
    Citation - WoS: 7
    Citation - Scopus: 12
    Utilization of Three Software Size Measures for Effort Estimation in Agile World: a Case Study
    (IEEE, 2022) Unlu, Huseyin; Hacaloglu, Tuna; Buber, Fatma; Berrak, Kivilcim; Leblebici, Onur; Demirors, Onur
    Functional size measurement (FSM) methods, by being systematic and repeatable, are beneficial in the early phases of the software life cycle for core project management activities such as effort, cost, and schedule estimation. However, in agile projects, requirements are kept minimal in the early phases and are detailed over time as the project progresses. This situation makes it challenging to identify measurement components of FSM methods from requirements in the early phases, hence complicates applying FSM in agile projects. In addition, the existing FSM methods are not fully compatible with today's architectural styles, which are evolving into event-driven decentralized structures. In this study, we present the results of a case study to compare the effectiveness of different size measures: functional -COSMIC Function Points (CFP)-, event-based - Event Points-, and code length-based - Line of Code (LOC)- on projects that were developed with agile methods and utilized a microservice- based architecture. For this purpose, we measured the size of the project and created effort estimation models based on three methods. It is found that the event-based method estimated effort with better accuracy than the CFP and LOC-based methods.