Sürdürülebilir Yeşil Kampüs Koleksiyonu / Sustainable Green Campus Collection
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/7755
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Article Citation - WoS: 44Citation - Scopus: 54Protection of Marble Surfaces by Using Biodegradable Polymers as Coating Agent(Elsevier, 2009) Ocak, Yılmaz; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Tıhmınlıoğlu, Funda; Böke, HasanBiodegradable polymers have been replaced over the synthetic polymers in many applications due to their good properties such as reversibility and biodegradability. Therefore they allow new treatment on the surface of the material to be protected and they fulfil the principles generally accepted by the International Conservation Community of Historic Monuments and Buildings. In this study, the efficiency of four different biodegradable polymers as protective coatings on marble-SO2 reaction was investigated. The polymers used were zein, chitosan, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), and poly-l-lactide (PLA). The mineralogical composition, bulk density and porosity of uncoated marble were determined. The water vapor permeability, water absorption by capillary forces, surface wettability, and color alteration of uncoated and coated marbles were measured. For sulphation reaction, marble slabs were coated with these polymers and then they were exposed at nearly 8 ppm SO2 concentration at 100% relative humidity conditions together with uncoated ones in a reaction chamber for several days for testing their protection efficiency. The extent of reaction was determined by leaching of gypsum formed on the marble surfaces in deionized water and then determining the sulphate content by ion chromatography. The protection efficiency of polymer treatments was expressed as comparing the gypsum crust thickness of the coated and uncoated marble plates. The comparison among the polymers showed that the surface hydrophobicity, water capillary absorption and structure of polymer would be important factors affecting the protection efficiency. The use of high molecular weight PLA (HMWPLA) polymer on marble surfaces provided significant protection up to 60% which was indicated that HMWPLA polymer seems to be promising polymer as protective coating agent in reducing gypsum formation on marble surfaces in the polluted environment.Article Citation - WoS: 8Citation - Scopus: 8Reducing Marble-So2 Reaction Rate by the Application of Certain Surfactants(Springer Verlag, 2003) Böke, Hasan; Gauri, K. LalSulfur dioxide (SO2), prevalent in the modern urban environment of industrial countries, attacks calcite (CaCO3) in marble. As a result, a gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) crust is produced at rain-sheltered surfaces while areas exposed to rain experience accelerated erosion. We have investigated the effect of certain surfactants as protective agents against SO2 attack. We report that the anions oxalate (C2O4-2) and oleate (C17H33COO-) from solutions of their highly soluble alkali salt species are able to replace carbonate (CO3-2) in calcite producing less reactive substrate of oxalate and oleate of calcium. Experiments to measure the protection obtained by these treatments were carried out in the laboratory and field conditions at nearly 1 ppm and 10 ppb SO2 concentrations, respectively. We found that these treatments provided significant protection to marble exposed in sheltered areas, up to 30% reduction of reaction rate by treatment with 2 × 10-4 M sodium oleate and up to 14% by a 2 × 10-3 M with potassium oxalate solutions, but become ineffective over long term exposure when applied to surfaces exposed to rain. Carrara marble was used in the reported study. Ion chromatography was the analytical tool, which allowed precise measurements of ionic concentrations of these salts, the amount of their uptake by marble, and the thickness of the gypsum crust. X-ray diffraction allowed determination of the new minerals formed at the marble surface by the treatment with surfactants.Article Citation - WoS: 44Citation - Scopus: 44Ettringite Formation in Historic Bath Brick-Lime Plasters(Elsevier Ltd., 2003) Böke, Hasan; Akkurt, SedatTwo types of historic hydraulic brick-lime plasters from a selected Ottoman bath are examined to characterize their technology and the appropriateness of their use in bath. The first type of plaster is original and structurally sound, while the historic repair plaster is the second type and is found to have deteriorated despite being exposed to the same environment. This difference is investigated by comparing their raw material compositions and the pozzolanic activities of the brick powders used in the plasters. Although these results showed no significant differences, ettringite crystals are detected in the historic repair ones by XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDS analysis. The repair plaster may have lost its integrity owing to the expansion generated by the growth of ettringite crystals in the plaster. In this study, the ettringite formation is discussed in relation to hydration reaction products of lime-brick plasters, possible sources of gypsum, and the climatic conditions of historic bath building.Doctoral Thesis Climatic Considerations in Traditional Built Environments: the Efect of Natural Ventilation on Thermal Comfort in Alac¸atı, I·zmir, Turkey(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2011) Terim, Belgin; Böke, Hasan; Doğan, FehmiThe traditional settlements in Turkey are under a growing danger of either destruction and despair or tourism. The urban tissue of historical settlement areas is attractive for touristic activities and vacation programs, but in many of these settlements the tissue is mostly ruined. The main reason of this deformation is the lately defined conservation regulations. The buildings of the old settlements are ruined or fixed with unhealthy methods and the infill or new settlement areas cannot integrate morphologically with the old heritage. The conservation of the buildings in the historical settlements is expensive, so especially in historical settlements close to tourist attraction centers such as şirince and Alaçatı in the Aegean Region, the construction of new buildings to answer the need for new residential building stock increases. The problem in the design of these new dwellings constructed in the empty parcels within the settlement or in the boarders of the settlement is that they do not follow the design principles of the traditional settlements and when they seem to follow the design principles they do that only at the level of image. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the physical conditions of the old traditional settlement examples, and to compare these data to find out new design criteria for the design of climatically responsive new buildings in these specific areas. To invent a method to evaluate the air pressure change between the open, semiopen, and closed spaces of traditional Turkish houses will be the main goal of this study. The point where this study outstands from the other similar studies is the observation of different housing typology, which needs to be studied with the airflow factor under temperate-hot climate conditions. The houses of Anatolian settlements are mainly not mid-courtyard houses and the semi-open spaces are the most important part of these houses, so the observation of natural ventilation behavior is different from other studies working with different climate areas. Alaçatı, Izmir, TURKEY is chosen as the case study area for this study, because it is one of the fastest growing urban sites in the Aegean Region of Anatolia.