Sürdürülebilir Yeşil Kampüs Koleksiyonu / Sustainable Green Campus Collection
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/7755
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Master Thesis The Use of Vetiveria Zizanioides (l) Nash and Cyperus Alternifolius L. by Floating Wetland Treatment To Improve Water Quality(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2018) Yücel, Arzu; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; 03.02. Department of Chemical Engineering; 03.07. Department of Environmental Engineering; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyThe olive mill wastewater (OMW), arises during the production process of olive oil, is an important problem in all Mediterranean countries. OMW shows seasonality, and contain high organic pollutant. Eventhough various methods have been studied for the treatment, olive oil producers neither can afford the cost of these methods, nor it can provide the discharge standards. The capacity of phytoremediation of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash (vetiver) and Cyperus alternifolius L. (umbrella palm) species was evaulated in the treatment of OMW by floating treatment wetland (FTW) method. The 5 and 15% concentrations of OMW (OMW-5 and OMW-15) were remediated by these plants, and unplanted sets as triplicates for 67 days to determine their organic and nitrogen reduction. Therefore, total organic carbon (TOC), total phenol and total nitrogen (TN) in the OMW were measured. The amount of biomass at the beginning of the experiment were 2.5 and 4.0 kg OMW-5 and OMW-15 respectively. The highest biomass growth rate (149%) and total phenol accumulation in plant (439%) were observed in umbrella palm. The results showed that umbrella palm achieved 95%, 99%, 82% removal in TOC, total phenol, TN while these removals were 85%, 93%, 40% in vetiver planted OMW-5 tanks. Similarly, the removal in OMW-15 were comparable with 90, 97, 41 percentages with umbrella palm and 79, 92, and 21 percentages for vetiver respectively. As a result, it seems that umbrella palm and vetiver have potential in diluted OMW treatment by FTW for future.Master Thesis Exposure and Risk Assessment for Arsenic in Simav Plain by Ingestion of Edible Crops(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2017) Terzi, Begüm; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Gündüz, Orhan; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Gündüz, Orhan; 03.07. Department of Environmental Engineering; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyIngestion is the main route of exposure to arsenic. The pathways of concern are ingestion of drinking water and arsenic-accumulating plants. Simav plain has been shown to have the natural arsenic conamination of waters and soil. However, foodstuff was not made a subject of investigation. In this study, arsenic exposure via ingestion of edible plants cultivated in Simav plain was investigated based on the modeling of the measured soil concentrations and data collected from the literature, which were for bioconcentration factors, plant consumption rates, background arsenic concentrations in plants, plant root depths, and body weights. Eighteen plant species, which are bean, broccoli, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, corn, cucumber, eggplant, garlic, lettuce, okra, onion, potato, radish, spinach, sunflower seed, tomato, and wheat were studied. Chronic-toxic and carcinogenic risks associated with the consumption contaminated foodstuff were assessed with two approaches: scenario based point estimates (deterministic approach) and population based estimates (probabilistic approach). Monte Carlo simulation was used to determine chronic-toxic and carcinogenic risks via ingestion of edible plants probabilistically. Wheat was found as the plant variety with the highest non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks which was followed by potato, tomato, cucumber, corn, cabbage, eggplant, and onion. Non-carcinogenic risk levels for broccoli, cauliflower, garlic, and radish were below the threshold level. However, their carcinogenic risk levels were considerable. The risk levels estimated in this study are exceptionally high, indicating consumption of the plants cultivated in Simav may pose significant chronic-toxic and carcinogenic health risks.Master Thesis The Investigation of Seawater Intrusion of Coastal Aquifer in Karareis (karaburun Peninsula)(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2016) Mansour, Ahmed Y. S.; Baba, Alper; Gündüz, Orhan; Baba, Alper; Gündüz, Orhan; 03.07. Department of Environmental Engineering; 03.03. Department of Civil Engineering; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologySeawater intrusion is a major problem to freshwater resources especially in coastal areas where fresh groundwater is surrounded and could easily be influenced by seawater. This study presents the development of conceptual and numerical model for the coastal aquifer of Karareis region in the western part of Turkey. The study also presents the interpretation and the analysis of the groundwater levels recorded by groundwater data loggers. Groundwater pumping from Karareis aquifer has increased significantly during the summer period to meet the agriculture and domestic water demands. Levels of groundwater were measured at nine locations in Karareis region; also water samples were collected and analyzed for some parameters. For this study SEAWAT code is used to solve the numerical model for the coupled density dependent flow system. The model was calibrated using the average of one-year dataset of collected groundwater levels. Model validation was handled using the average of groundwater levels measured over more one year. Five scenarios were tested to understand the effects of pumping and climate change on groundwater levels and seawater intrusion in the next ten years. The result of analysis demonstrated a high concentration of electrical conductivity and chloride along the coastal part of the study area. As a result of the numerical model, seawater intrusion will extent about 420 m towards the land in the next ten years of increased pumping scenario, while a little change in water level and TDS concentration was recognized in climate change scenario. Results also showed that reducing the pumping from Karareis wells will be necessary to protect the freshwater from contamination by seawater.Master Thesis Environmental Impact and Capacity Analysis of Renewable Energy Resources: Case Study of Wind Energy in Turkey(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2016) Bingöl, Ferhat; Bingöl, Ferhat; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Bingöl, Ferhat; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; 03.07. Department of Environmental Engineering; 03.06. Department of Energy Systems Engineering; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyThe majority of electricity in Turkey is generated from coal and natural gas; however, renewable energy, especially wind power, is a promising energy source for Turkey. Development of new wind energy project requires complex planning process involving many social, technical, economic, environmental, political concerns and different agents such as investors, utilities, governmental agencies or social groups. To address the proper site selection, a Geographic Information System (GIS) based Multi- Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) method has been used in previous studies. The aim of this study is to develop a GIS-based multi-criteria decision making application which can be updated by the changing regulations to identify potential sites for wind power plants in Turkey. A variety of constraints and factors were identified based on a literature review, regulations and gathered from variety of agencies. After excluding of infeasible sites, pairwise comparisons was carried out using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) as MCDM method by the study group to estimate relative importance of the criteria. The suitability map obtained from MCDM analysis was divided into four classes from the low suitable to extremely suitable area. As a final stage, decision making was carried out with the objectives by environmental impact approach. The output of this study can be used by energy planners to estimate the extent that wind energy can be developed based on public perception, administrative and environmental aspects.Master Thesis Persistent Organic Pollutants in Turkey's Atmosphere: Spatial Variation(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2015) Çiçek, Tuğba; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Kurt Karakuş, Perihan Binnur; 03.07. Department of Environmental Engineering; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyThe objectives of this study was to measure ambient air levels of 43 PCBs and 22 OCPs in 16 cities at urban and background sites by using polyurethane foam discs (PUF) as passive air samplers (PAS), to investigate spatial variations, and to generate a baseline database which is the first large-scale nationwide database for POP residues in air of Turkey. Air sampling was conducted from May 2014 to April 2015 with three-month sampling periods. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry after extraction, clean-up, and volume reduction. The one-year overall average Σ43PCBs concentration was 108±132 pg/m3. The one-year average of Σ43PCBs ranged from 14.5±14.3 pg/m3 (Kayseri) to 403±428 pg/m3 (İzmir) at urban sites with a mean of 116±141 pg/m3, and from 19.0±22.7 pg/m3 (Aksaray) to 217±353 pg/m3 (Kastamonu) at rural sites with a mean of 101±122 pg/m3. PCB 118 had the highest mean concentration (26.3±44.6 pg/m3) among the 43 PCB congeners. The PCB homologue group with the highest contribution was penta-CBs with 54.3%. Overall one-year average Σ22OCPs concentration was 341±870 pg/m3 with a range of 55.3±36.5 pg/m3 (Çankırı) and 1294±2153 pg/m3 (Kırklareli). ΣDDT had the highest overall mean level with 134±296 pg/m3 among the OCP groups. The highest concentration OCPs were p’p-DDE (97.6±236 pg/m3), HCB (45.3±197 pg/m3), α-HCH (22.0±92.8 pg/m3), β-HCH (21.8±96.1 pg/m3), and p’p-DDT (21.3±77.4 pg/m3). Principle Components Analysis showed that, in addition to the OCP with the highest concentration (p’p-DDE), parent OCP compounds such as α-endosulfan, α-HCH, HCB, and p’p-DDT differed from the others, and some of the remaining decay products were grouped together indicating similar behavior. Highly chlorinated PCBs were clustered together. Mann-Whitney U test indicated that the difference in the median concentrations of urban and rural sites was not significant. It was also used to test the significance of temperature effect on the median concentrations at a high and a low temperature range. The medians were significantly different for HCB, dieldrin, p’p-DDT, and β-endosulfan at urban sites but not significant for the remaining OCPs and ΣPCBs. The difference in the medians was significant for HCB, heptachlor, dieldrin, endrin, p’p-DDE, Mirex, and ΣPCBs at rural sitesMaster Thesis Ambient Air Persistent Organic Pollutant Monitoring, Backtrajectory Modeling, and Health Risk Assessment(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2015) Güngörmüş, Elif; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; 03.02. Department of Chemical Engineering; 03.07. Department of Environmental Engineering; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyTurkish Government has officially become a party to the Stockholm Convention as of 2010, therefore, determination of POPs in environmental compartments in Turkey is a critical concern. In this study, 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 43 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in gas and particulate phases of ambient air samples collected in Izmir and Istanbul from May to October 2014 on a weekly basis. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to quantify the targeted pollutants. Potential source regions were assessed by applying back-trajectory and Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF). Population carcinogenic risk levels associated with inhalation exposure were estimated by using Monte Carlo simulation, for which sensitivity and uncertainty analyses were also conducted. The highest mean concentration compounds were heptachlor (61±126 pg/m3) and p,p’-DDE (54±57 pg/m3) in Izmir and Istanbul, respectively. The mean Ʃ43PCBs concentration was found as 232±224 pg/m3 in Izmir, and 104±48 pg/m3 in Istanbul. Gas phase concentartions of OCPs and PCBs were generally much higher than particle phase. The PSCF results pointed out different potential source regions: Middle East, Eurasia, and Europe. All the estimated carcinogenic risks based on the 95% percentile values for individual OCPs and Ʃ43PCBs were calculated below the acceptable risk levels (10-6), indicating no significant potential health risk via inhalation route.Master Thesis An Investigation of Dye-Surfactant Intetactions in Aqueous Solutions for Elucidating the Mechanisms of Ultrafiltration(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2014) Olcay, Aybike Nil; Polat, Hürriyet; Polat, Mehmet; Polat, Mehmet; Polat, Hürriyet; 04.01. Department of Chemistry; 03.02. Department of Chemical Engineering; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 04. Faculty of Science; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyLow Molecular Weight Contaminants (LMWCs) in waters are serious environmental concern due to removal problems with classical techniques such as chemical coagulation, biological treatments and adsorption. LMWCs are usually copresent with surface active agents in contaminated waters. Though such advanced removal techniques as ultrafiltration and micelle enhanced ultrafiltration are said to perform better, no systematic study is present for elucidating how the contaminantsurfactants interactions affect removal efficiency. In this study, methylene blue (MB), a dye widely employed in textile, paper and chemical industries, was chosen as the model contaminant. Surfactants selected were anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cationic hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and non-ionic ethoxylated octylphenol (TX-100). Surface tension, size, charge and contact angle measurements were conducted to investigate dye-surfactant interactions. Cellulose nitrate filters were employed to determine the effect of these interactions in filtration efficiency. It was found that significant amount of MB was removed from solution since it attached on the negatively charged cellulose nitrate filter. Though presence of surfactants generally decreased MB removal efficiency, MB-SDS interaction created large-loose aggregates at low SDS concentrations which cannot pass the filter paper. The MB-CTAB/TX-100 interactions created positively charged MB-surfactant pairs which can attach to the filter surface causing a decrease in the removal. At concentrations above Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC), the efficiency of MB removal is low due to the formation of surfactant-micelles that are smaller than the pores of the filter. Detailed size distribution experiments suggest that MB molecules are within the micelles structure, not in the core as believed in literature and do not increase the size of the micelle.Master Thesis Effect of High Saline Geothermal Fluid on Soil and Surface Water: a Case Study From Tuzla, Çanakkale-Turkey(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2013) Katırcıoğlu, Gamze; Baba, Alper; Baba, Alper; 03.03. Department of Civil Engineering; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyGeothermal energy can be defined as a heat from core of Earth and utilized for power generation, district heating and greenhouse. Use of geothermal energy has low environmental impact, particularly when compared with fossil fuels. However, geothermal fluid has some adverse effects for environment for instance contamination of surface water and soil. Examples of these effects occur in different parts of world. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of geothermal fluid particularly on surface water and soil in Tuzla Geothermal Field (TGF) where is located on Biga Peninsula, in the northwestern of Anatolia. TGF is 5 km far from Aegean Sea and 80 km south of Çanakkale. Geothermal fluid of TGF has high salinity (EC > 91 mS/cm) and high temperature (reservoir temperature is 173 °C). Water samples were taken from February 2012 to April 2013 to determine the physical and chemical (major anioncations and heavy metals) properties of the surface water quality. Furthermore, the soil samples analyzed for physical and chemical properties. All data were evaluated with ArcGIS 10.1 and Aquachem 4.0 software. The results showed that the levels of some major element such as Lityum (4-7 ppm), Barium (1-4 ppm) and Manganese (1-5 ppm) and some heavy metals such as Boron (> 13 ppm) and Strontium (> 14 ppm) in surface water, exceeded national and international limits. Boron and Strontium values of creek ranged from 13 to 27 ppm and from 14 to 154 ppm, respectively. Soil samples contain high concentration of Silisium (> 23800 mg/kg) and Aluminum (> 9000 mg/kg). Particularly, the uncontrolled discharge of geothermal fluid that is rich in terms of toxic elements into soil and surface water resources of the area influences other potential uses of these resources.Master Thesis Effects of Frying on Indoor Air Quality(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2013) Toprak, Melis; Toprak, Melis; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; 01. Izmir Institute of Technology; 03.07. Department of Environmental Engineering; 03. Faculty of EngineeringFrying is an important indoor air pollution source. It may cause chronic health effects on cooks. This study measured indoor air concentratinos of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), aldehydes, particulate matter, CO and CO2 in a small scale restaurant kitchen before, during, and after frying with a margarine produced specifically for frying. Both sampling and monitoring strategies were employed. Individual VOCs, aldehydes, and PM2.5 concentrations were determined by sampling. Total VOCs, PM10, CO, and CO2 concentrations were determined using a monitoring device. Temperature and relative humidity were also monitored as comfort variables in addition to CO2. Two campaigns were conducted. In Campaign-1 real working conditions were studied. In Campaign-2 only potatoes were fried with varying amounts. N-heptane, ethyl acetate, nonanal, and n-octane were the realtively higher concentration compounds in both campaigns. The increase in PM10 concentrations, however, was much more pronounced: about five times higher when the lowest concentration observed in the very beginning and the peak concentration during frying are compared, and two times higher when the average concentrations are compared. CO and CO2 concentrations were relatively low, and temperature and relative humidity levels were generally in the comfort zone. The observed PM10 concentrations during frying and the average PM2.5 concentrations (80-250 μg/m3) of 4-hr period that covers the all three periods (before, during, and after) in Campaign-1 indicate that chronic health effects are probable for cooks who frequently cook by frying with the frying margarine.Master Thesis Determination of Gas-Particle Partitioning Parameters and Indoor Air Concentrations of Synthetic Musk Compounds(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2013) Özcan, Çiğdem; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; 03.02. Department of Chemical Engineering; 03. Faculty of Engineering; 01. Izmir Institute of TechnologyGas-particle partitioning of compounds is the key process determining the fate of chemical in the environment. The partitioning process can be modeled depending upon dominancy of being adsorptive or absorptive partitioning and referred with partition coefficient (Kp m3.μg-1). Kp is related to liquid phase vapor pressure of a compound of interest. Due to difficulty related to model parameters, researchers have been developed a parameter called octanol air partition coefficient, KOA which can be directly measured and used to estimate Kp. Synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) are the one group of semi volatile organic compounds which are resistant to degradation, lipophilic and have moderate vapor pressures. They have been widely used in detergents, soaps, cosmetics, perfumes to give nice odorous effect for the product of interest. Most of their chemical properties values based on estimation methods. This study designed to measure octanol-air partition coefficients (KOA) and supercooled liquid vapor pressures (PL) by GC retention time method as a function of temperature to estimate gas-particle partitioning of SMCs. In addition ten indoor air gas and particulate phase samples were collected from a university cafeteria to determine experimental partition coefficient in the indoor air environment. The log KOA and log PL values of synthetic musk compounds were ranged between 6.42 to 8.77 and 0.52 to -4.53, respectively at 25 0C. All of the compounds were detected in the gas phase and the concentrations ranged from 0.27 ng/m3 to 106.8 ng/m3. In the particulate phase only DPMI, ADBI, ATII, MX and MK were detected in the range of 0.06 ng/m3 to 210.5 ng/m3. Although the correlation between the gas-particle partitioning coefficient (KP) and PL was found as weak, KOA was determined as a good descriptor for gas-particle partitioning process.