Sürdürülebilir Yeşil Kampüs Koleksiyonu / Sustainable Green Campus Collection
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/7755
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Article Citation - WoS: 2Citation - Scopus: 2A Deterministic and Stochastic Assessment for Exposure and Risk of Arsenic Via Ingestion of Edible Crops(Springer Verlag, 2019) Can Terzi, Begüm; Gündüz, Orhan; Sofuoğlu, Sait CemilNatural arsenic contamination is a critical problem for various places around the world. Simav Plain (Kutahya, Turkey) is one such area that was shown to have natural arsenic contamination in its waters and soils. Arsenic exposure through ingestion of edible crops cultivated in Simav Plain and associated health risks were assessed in this study. To achieve this objective, arsenic levels in 18 crop species were estimated based on measured soil arsenic concentrations. Individual and aggregate non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with ingestion of arsenic-contaminated crops were then assessed with scenario-based deterministic point estimates and stochastic population estimates. Monte Carlo simulation was used for the estimation of population health risks. Accordingly, wheat was found as the highest-ranked crop specie for the both types of health risks, followed by tomato and potato, which are three of the most consumed crops in the region. The risk levels estimated in this study were relatively high, indicating consumption of crops grown in the plain may be posing significant health risks even at lower-bound estimates. Consuming wheat, tomato, potato, and their products from uncontaminated sources was found to reduce the aggregate risks up to 88% implicating the importance of proposing suitable management measures for similar risk-prone areas.Article Citation - WoS: 2Citation - Scopus: 3Integrating Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Natural Capital Security and Urban Ecosystem Carbon Metabolism(Springer Verlag, 2018) Demirkesen, Ali Can; Evrendilek, FatihThe purpose of the study is to address and quantify the increase in urban expansion and carbon (C) metabolism burden on ecosystem service value (ESV), net ecosystem productivity (NEP), and C storage of urban footprint. Urban footprint is required to meet the demands arising from economic consumption and production as well as waste accumulation and assimilation. Spatiotemporal changes in main land covers (LCs) were detected using remotely sensed data (Landsat 5 and 8, and digital elevation model) between 1987 and 2016. Changes in ESV and C influx, efflux and pools associated with LC dynamics were approximated using global proxies for a western Mediterranean region in Turkey of 54,162 km2. Urban expansion over the 29-year period decreased ESV by 22% ($7.28 ± 0.4 billion), NEP by 4.3% (2.3 ± 9 Gg C), and total ecosystem C pool by 10.9% (1008.3 ± 1006 Gg C) and led to a 62.8% appropriation of the total NEP (50.1 ± 51 Gg C) of the urban footprint in 2016. The main cause of the environmental degradation across the study region was the loss of the seminatural areas. Our findings emphasize that the deterioration rate of ecosystems should be slowed down by natural capital-friendly decisions and should not exceed rehabilitation rate of damaged ecosystems in the face of rapidly increasing burdens of the cities on their footprint.Article Citation - WoS: 32Citation - Scopus: 37Mcdm Analysis of Wind Energy in Turkey: Decision Making Based on Environmental Impact(Springer Verlag, 2018) Değirmenci, Sinem; Bingöl, Ferhat; Sofuoğlu, Sait CemilDevelopment of new wind energy projects require complex planning process involving many social, technical, economic, environmental, political concerns, and different agents such as investors, utilities, governmental agencies, or social groups. The aim of this study is to develop a tool combining Geographic Information System (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methodologies, and its application for Turkey as a case study. A variety of constraints and criteria were identified based on a literature review and regulations gathered from variety of agencies, use of which resulted in determination of infeasible sites. Then, pairwise comparisons were carried out using analytic hierarchy process as the MCDM method to estimate relative importance of the criteria, and to visualize a suitability map with three classes. As the final stage, decision making was carried out based on environmental impact where 45.5% of the Turkish territory was found as infeasible area. Sixty percent of the remaining area are covered by the moderate suitability class, followed by the highly suitable area (20.3%) and low suitable area (19.8%). The output of this study can be used by energy planners to estimate the extent that wind energy can be developed based on public perception, administrative, and environmental aspectsArticle Citation - WoS: 18Citation - Scopus: 22The Health Risk Associated With Chronic Diseases in Villages With High Arsenic Levels in Drinking Water Supplies(Springer Verlag, 2017) Gündüz, Orhan; Bakar, Coşkun; Şimşek, Celalettin; Baba, Alper; Elçi, Alper; Gürleyük, Hakan; Mutlu, Merdiye; Çakır, AyşeThis study is intended to compare and assess the distribution and possible causes of current chronic diseases in villages with high arsenic levels in drinking water supplies. It is a cross-sectional epidemiological research that analyzes the frequency and underlying risk factors of chronic diseases in villages with varying levels of arsenic exposure through drinking water. Sample space of study included 1003 individuals, 614 of whom were from villages with high arsenic levels in drinking water and remaining 389 were from two control villages with below-limit arsenic levels in drinking water. While nutritional habits and living environments of two groups were similar, cigarette smoking and alcohol use were higher in villages with low arsenic levels. Mini mental state examination test results in 60+ age group were lower in villages with high arsenic levels. Although no statistically significant differences were detected in chronic disease occurrence between the groups, the number of cases was higher in villages with higher percentage of cigarette smoking and alcohol use. Moreover, cases of lung, colon, and stomach cancers were higher in villages with high arsenic levels in drinking water supplies.Article Citation - WoS: 18Citation - Scopus: 21Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (pbdes) in Background Air Around the Aegean: Implications for Phase Partitioning and Size Distribution(Springer Verlag, 2017) Besis, Athanasios; Lammel, Gerhard; Kukucka, Petr; Samara, Constantini; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Dumanoğlu, Yetkin; Eleftheriadis, Kostas; Kouvarakis, Giorgos; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Vassilatou, Vassiliki; Voutsa, DimitraThe occurrence and atmospheric behavior of tri- to deca-polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated during a 2-week campaign concurrently conducted in July 2012 at four background sites around the Aegean Sea. The study focused on the gas/particle (G/P) partitioning at three sites (Ag. Paraskevi/central Greece/suburban, Finokalia/southern Greece/remote coastal, and Urla/Turkey/rural coastal) and on the size distribution at two sites (Neochorouda/northern Greece/rural inland and Finokalia/southern Greece/remote coastal). The lowest mean total (G + P) concentrations of ∑7PBDE (BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-66, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154) and BDE-209 (0.81 and 0.95 pg m−3, respectively) were found at the remote site Finokalia. Partitioning coefficients, KP, were calculated, and their linear relationships with ambient temperature and the physicochemical properties of the analyzed PBDE congeners, i.e., the subcooled liquid pressure (PL°) and the octanol-air partition coefficient (KOA), were investigated. The equilibrium adsorption (PL°-based) and absorption (KOA-based) models, as well as a steady-state absorption model including an equilibrium and a non-equilibrium term, both being functions of log KOA, were used to predict the fraction Φ of PBDEs associated with the particle phase. The steady-state model proved to be superior to predict G/P partitioning of BDE-209. The distribution of particle-bound PBDEs across size fractions < 0.95, 0.95–1.5, 1.5–3.0, 3.0–7.2, and > 7.2 μm indicated a positive correlation between the mass median aerodynamic diameter and log PL° for the less brominated congeners, whereas a negative correlation was observed for the high brominated congeners. The potential source regions of PBDEs were acknowledged as a combination of long-range transport with short-distance sources.Article Citation - WoS: 45Citation - Scopus: 51Evaluation and Assessment of Meteorological Drought by Different Methods in Trarza Region, Mauritania(Springer Verlag, 2017) Yacoub, Ely; Tayfur, GökmenDrought Indexes (DIs) are commonly used for assessing the effect of drought such as the duration and severity. In this study, long term precipitation records (monthly recorded for 44 years) in three stations (Boutilimit (station 1), Nouakchott (station 2), and Rosso (station 3)) are employed to investigate the drought characteristics in Trarza region in Mauritania. Six DI methods, namely normal Standardized Precipitation Index (normal-SPI), log normal Standardized Precipitation Index (log-SPI), Standardized Precipitation Index using Gamma distribution (Gamma-SPI), Percent of Normal (PN), the China-Z index (CZI), and Deciles are used for this purpose. The DI methods are based on 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12 month time periods. The results showed that DIs produce almost the same results for the Trarza region. The droughts are detected in the seventies and eighties more than the 1990s. Twelve drought years might be experienced in station 2 and six in stations 1 and 3 in every 44 years, according to reoccurrence probability of the gamma-SPI and log-SPI results. Stations 1 and 3 might experience fewer drought years than station 2, which is located right on the coast. In station 1, which is located inland, when the annual rainfall is less than 123 mm, it is likely that severe drought would occur. This is 63 mm/year for station 2 and 205 mm/year for station 3 which is located in the south west on the Senegal River. DI results indicate that the CZI and the gamma-SPI methods make similar predictions and the log-SPI makes extreme drought predictions for the monthly period for all the stations. For longer periods (3-, 6-, and 12 month period), for all the stations, the log-SPI and the gamma-SPI produce similar results, making severe drought predictions while the normal-SPI and the CZI methods predict more wet and fewer drought cases. The log-SPI, the gamma-SPI, PN and Deciles were able to capture the historical extreme and severe droughts observed in early 1970s and early 1980s.Article Citation - WoS: 76Citation - Scopus: 84Two-Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Flood Wave Propagation in an Urban Area Due To Ürkmez Dam-Break, Izmir, Turkey(Springer Verlag, 2016) Haltas, İsmail; Tayfur, Gökmen; Elçi, ŞebnemThis study investigated flood inundation in an urban area due to a possible failure of Ürkmez Dam in İzmir, Turkey. The estimation of flood hydrograph upon partial failure of the dam and routing of the flood hydrograph along the narrow valley downstream were first performed by the one-dimensional hydraulic routing model HEC-RAS. The two-dimensional hydraulic routing model FLO-2D is then used to simulate the spreading of the dam-break flood after the flood wave exits the valley. Land use and land cover digital maps were utilized to find the spatially varying roughness coefficient for the floodplain. The influence of the buildings on the flood propagation was represented in the numerical model by the area reduction factor as well as the width reduction factor. The peak flow depth, peak flow velocity and time moment of the peak flow depth maps were shown in the GIS environment. The results reveal that flow depths can reach about 3 m in the residential area. In about 40 min after the dam-break, houses in the large section of the town would be under the maximum flow depths. The two-dimensional hydrodynamic model results were tested against experimental dam-break flow data of the distorted physical model of Ürkmez Dam, which is consisted of the reservoir, dam body and downstream area including Ürkmez Town. The model successfully simulated experimental flow depth data measured at different measurement locations.Article Citation - WoS: 25Citation - Scopus: 26Generation of Acid Mine Lakes Associated With Abandoned Coal Mines in Northwest Turkey(Springer Verlag, 2016) Şanlıyüksel Yücel, Deniz; Balcı, Nurgül; Baba, AlperA total of five acid mine lakes (AMLs) located in northwest Turkey were investigated using combined isotope, molecular, and geochemical techniques to identify geochemical processes controlling and promoting acid formation. All of the investigated lakes showed typical characteristics of an AML with low pH (2.59-3.79) and high electrical conductivity values (1040-6430 μS/cm), in addition to high sulfate (594-5370 mg/l) and metal (aluminum [Al], iron [Fe], manganese [Mn], nickel [Ni], and zinc [Zn]) concentrations. Geochemical and isotope results showed that the acid-generation mechanism and source of sulfate in the lakes can change and depends on the age of the lakes. In the relatively older lakes (AMLs 1 through 3), biogeochemical Fe cycles seem to be the dominant process controlling metal concentration and pH of the water unlike in the younger lakes (AMLs 4 and 5). Bacterial species determined in an older lake (AML 2) indicate that biological oxidation and reduction of Fe and S are the dominant processes in the lakes. Furthermore, O and S isotopes of sulfate indicate that sulfate in the older mine lakes may be a product of much more complex oxidation/dissolution reactions. However, the major source of sulfate in the younger mine lakes is in situ pyrite oxidation catalyzed by Fe(III) produced by way of oxidation of Fe(II). Consistent with this, insignificant fractionation between δ34SSO4 and δ34 SFeS2 values indicated that the oxidation of pyrite, along with dissolution and precipitation reactions of Fe(III) minerals, is the main reason for acid formation in the region. Overall, the results showed that acid generation during early stage formation of an AML associated with pyrite-rich mine waste is primarily controlled by the oxidation of pyrite with Fe cycles becoming the dominant processes regulating pH and metal cycles in the later stages of mine lake development.Article Citation - WoS: 20Citation - Scopus: 26Pops in a Major Conurbation in Turkey: Ambient Air Concentrations, Seasonal Variation, Inhalation and Dermal Exposure, and Associated Carcinogenic Risks(Springer Verlag, 2016) Ugranlı, Tuğba; Güngörmüş, Elif; Kavcar, Pınar; Demircioğlu, Eylem; Odabaşı, Mustafa; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Lammel, Gerhard; Sofuoglu, AysunSemi-volatile organic compounds were monitored over a whole year, by collection of gas and particle phases every sixth day at a suburban site in Izmir, Turkey. Annual mean concentrations of 32 polychlorinated biphenyls (∑32PCBs) and 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (∑14PAHs) were 348 pg/m3 and 36 ng/m3, respectively, while it was 273 pg/m3 for endosulfan, the dominant compound among 23 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Monte Carlo simulation was applied to the USEPA exposure-risk models for the estimation of the population exposure and carcinogenic risk probability distributions for heating and non-heating periods. The estimated population risks associated with dermal contact and inhalation routes to ∑32PCBs, ∑14PAHs, and some of the targeted OCPs (α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, α-chlordane (α-CHL), γ-chlordane (γ-CHL), and p,p′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p′-DDT)) were in the ranges of 1.86 × 10−16–7.29 × 10−9 and 1.38 × 10−10–4.07 × 10−6, respectively. The inhalation 95th percentile risks for ∑32PCBs, ∑14PAHs, and OCPs were about 6, 3, and 4–7 orders of magnitude higher than those of dermal route, respectively. The 95th percentile inhalation risk for ∑32PCBs and OCPs in the non-heating period were 1.8- and 1.2–4.6 folds higher than in the heating period, respectively. In contrast, the 95th percentile risk levels for ∑14PAHs in the heating period were 4.3 times greater than that of non-heating period for inhalation, respectively. While risk levels associated with exposure to PCBs and OCPs did not exceed the acceptable level of 1 × 10−6, it was exceeded for 47 % of the population associated with inhalation of PAHs with a maximum value of about 4 × 10−6.Article Citation - WoS: 65Citation - Scopus: 77Air and Seawater Pollution and Air–sea Gas Exchange of Persistent Toxic Substances in the Aegean Sea: Spatial Trends of Pahs, Pcbs, Ocps and Pbdes(Springer Verlag, 2015) Lammel, Gerhard; Audy, Ondrej; Besis, Athanasios; Efstathiou, Christos; Eleftheriadis, Kostas; Kohoutek, Jiri; Kukucka, Petr; Mulder, Marie D.; Pribylova, Petra; Prokes, Roman; Rusina, Tatsiana P.; Samara, Constantini; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Taşdemir, Yücel; Vassilatou, Vassiliki; Voutsa, Dimitra; Vrana, BranislavNear-ground air (26 substances) and surface seawater (55 substances) concentrations of persistent toxic substances (PTS) were determined in July 2012 in a coordinated and coherent way around the Aegean Sea based on passive air (10 sites in 5 areas) and water (4 sites in 2 areas) sampling. The direction of air–sea exchange was determined for 18 PTS. Identical samplers were deployed at all sites and were analysed at one laboratory. hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) as well as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its degradation products are evenly distributed in the air of the whole region. Air concentrations of p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE) and o,p′-DDT and seawater concentrations of p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDD were elevated in Thermaikos Gulf, northwestern Aegean Sea. The polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener pattern in air is identical throughout the region, while polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE)patterns are obviously dissimilar between Greece and Turkey. Various pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), PCBs, DDE, and penta- and hexachlorobenzene are found close to phase equilibrium or net-volatilisational (upward flux), similarly at a remote site (on Crete) and in the more polluted Thermaikos Gulf. The results suggest that effective passive air sampling volumes may not be representative across sites when PAHs significantly partitioning to the particulate phase are included.