Sürdürülebilir Yeşil Kampüs Koleksiyonu / Sustainable Green Campus Collection
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/7755
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Master Thesis The Use of Vetiveria Zizanioides (l) Nash and Cyperus Alternifolius L. by Floating Wetland Treatment To Improve Water Quality(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2018) Yücel, Arzu; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Sofuoğlu, Sait CemilThe olive mill wastewater (OMW), arises during the production process of olive oil, is an important problem in all Mediterranean countries. OMW shows seasonality, and contain high organic pollutant. Eventhough various methods have been studied for the treatment, olive oil producers neither can afford the cost of these methods, nor it can provide the discharge standards. The capacity of phytoremediation of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash (vetiver) and Cyperus alternifolius L. (umbrella palm) species was evaulated in the treatment of OMW by floating treatment wetland (FTW) method. The 5 and 15% concentrations of OMW (OMW-5 and OMW-15) were remediated by these plants, and unplanted sets as triplicates for 67 days to determine their organic and nitrogen reduction. Therefore, total organic carbon (TOC), total phenol and total nitrogen (TN) in the OMW were measured. The amount of biomass at the beginning of the experiment were 2.5 and 4.0 kg OMW-5 and OMW-15 respectively. The highest biomass growth rate (149%) and total phenol accumulation in plant (439%) were observed in umbrella palm. The results showed that umbrella palm achieved 95%, 99%, 82% removal in TOC, total phenol, TN while these removals were 85%, 93%, 40% in vetiver planted OMW-5 tanks. Similarly, the removal in OMW-15 were comparable with 90, 97, 41 percentages with umbrella palm and 79, 92, and 21 percentages for vetiver respectively. As a result, it seems that umbrella palm and vetiver have potential in diluted OMW treatment by FTW for future.Master Thesis Exposure and Risk Assessment for Arsenic in Simav Plain by Ingestion of Edible Crops(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2017) Terzi, Begüm; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Gündüz, OrhanIngestion is the main route of exposure to arsenic. The pathways of concern are ingestion of drinking water and arsenic-accumulating plants. Simav plain has been shown to have the natural arsenic conamination of waters and soil. However, foodstuff was not made a subject of investigation. In this study, arsenic exposure via ingestion of edible plants cultivated in Simav plain was investigated based on the modeling of the measured soil concentrations and data collected from the literature, which were for bioconcentration factors, plant consumption rates, background arsenic concentrations in plants, plant root depths, and body weights. Eighteen plant species, which are bean, broccoli, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, corn, cucumber, eggplant, garlic, lettuce, okra, onion, potato, radish, spinach, sunflower seed, tomato, and wheat were studied. Chronic-toxic and carcinogenic risks associated with the consumption contaminated foodstuff were assessed with two approaches: scenario based point estimates (deterministic approach) and population based estimates (probabilistic approach). Monte Carlo simulation was used to determine chronic-toxic and carcinogenic risks via ingestion of edible plants probabilistically. Wheat was found as the plant variety with the highest non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks which was followed by potato, tomato, cucumber, corn, cabbage, eggplant, and onion. Non-carcinogenic risk levels for broccoli, cauliflower, garlic, and radish were below the threshold level. However, their carcinogenic risk levels were considerable. The risk levels estimated in this study are exceptionally high, indicating consumption of the plants cultivated in Simav may pose significant chronic-toxic and carcinogenic health risks.Master Thesis Persistent Organic Pollutants in Turkey's Atmosphere: Spatial Variation(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2015) Çiçek, Tuğba; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Kurt Karakuş, Perihan BinnurThe objectives of this study was to measure ambient air levels of 43 PCBs and 22 OCPs in 16 cities at urban and background sites by using polyurethane foam discs (PUF) as passive air samplers (PAS), to investigate spatial variations, and to generate a baseline database which is the first large-scale nationwide database for POP residues in air of Turkey. Air sampling was conducted from May 2014 to April 2015 with three-month sampling periods. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry after extraction, clean-up, and volume reduction. The one-year overall average Σ43PCBs concentration was 108±132 pg/m3. The one-year average of Σ43PCBs ranged from 14.5±14.3 pg/m3 (Kayseri) to 403±428 pg/m3 (İzmir) at urban sites with a mean of 116±141 pg/m3, and from 19.0±22.7 pg/m3 (Aksaray) to 217±353 pg/m3 (Kastamonu) at rural sites with a mean of 101±122 pg/m3. PCB 118 had the highest mean concentration (26.3±44.6 pg/m3) among the 43 PCB congeners. The PCB homologue group with the highest contribution was penta-CBs with 54.3%. Overall one-year average Σ22OCPs concentration was 341±870 pg/m3 with a range of 55.3±36.5 pg/m3 (Çankırı) and 1294±2153 pg/m3 (Kırklareli). ΣDDT had the highest overall mean level with 134±296 pg/m3 among the OCP groups. The highest concentration OCPs were p’p-DDE (97.6±236 pg/m3), HCB (45.3±197 pg/m3), α-HCH (22.0±92.8 pg/m3), β-HCH (21.8±96.1 pg/m3), and p’p-DDT (21.3±77.4 pg/m3). Principle Components Analysis showed that, in addition to the OCP with the highest concentration (p’p-DDE), parent OCP compounds such as α-endosulfan, α-HCH, HCB, and p’p-DDT differed from the others, and some of the remaining decay products were grouped together indicating similar behavior. Highly chlorinated PCBs were clustered together. Mann-Whitney U test indicated that the difference in the median concentrations of urban and rural sites was not significant. It was also used to test the significance of temperature effect on the median concentrations at a high and a low temperature range. The medians were significantly different for HCB, dieldrin, p’p-DDT, and β-endosulfan at urban sites but not significant for the remaining OCPs and ΣPCBs. The difference in the medians was significant for HCB, heptachlor, dieldrin, endrin, p’p-DDE, Mirex, and ΣPCBs at rural sitesMaster Thesis Ambient Air Persistent Organic Pollutant Monitoring, Backtrajectory Modeling, and Health Risk Assessment(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2015) Güngörmüş, Elif; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Sofuoğlu, Sait CemilTurkish Government has officially become a party to the Stockholm Convention as of 2010, therefore, determination of POPs in environmental compartments in Turkey is a critical concern. In this study, 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 43 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in gas and particulate phases of ambient air samples collected in Izmir and Istanbul from May to October 2014 on a weekly basis. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to quantify the targeted pollutants. Potential source regions were assessed by applying back-trajectory and Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF). Population carcinogenic risk levels associated with inhalation exposure were estimated by using Monte Carlo simulation, for which sensitivity and uncertainty analyses were also conducted. The highest mean concentration compounds were heptachlor (61±126 pg/m3) and p,p’-DDE (54±57 pg/m3) in Izmir and Istanbul, respectively. The mean Ʃ43PCBs concentration was found as 232±224 pg/m3 in Izmir, and 104±48 pg/m3 in Istanbul. Gas phase concentartions of OCPs and PCBs were generally much higher than particle phase. The PSCF results pointed out different potential source regions: Middle East, Eurasia, and Europe. All the estimated carcinogenic risks based on the 95% percentile values for individual OCPs and Ʃ43PCBs were calculated below the acceptable risk levels (10-6), indicating no significant potential health risk via inhalation route.Master Thesis Seasonal Variation in Disinfection By-Product Concentrations in Izmir Drinking Water(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2007) Baytak, Derya; Sofuoğlu, Sait CemilThe goal of this study was to investigate the seasonal variation in disinfection byproduct (DBP) concentrations in drinking water zmir. In accordance with this aim, drinking water samples were collected from tap water of five sampling points in the distribution system of three different water sources (Tahtalı Reservoir, Balçova Reservoir and ground water) during a 10 month period, from June 2006 to April 2007. The samples were analyzed by GC-ECD according to EPA Method 551.1. In addition, while the organic matter content (measured as NPOC) and bromide ion concentration were measured in samples from Tahtalı and Balçova Water Treatment Plants, other parameters including pH, temperature and chlorine dose were obtained from the treatment plants. These parameters were used as explanatory variables in the multivariate regression analysis to construct statistical models for DBPs. Trihalomethanes were the most abundant DBPs in all samples, followed by haloacetonitriles, chloropicrin and halogenated ketones. The mean total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) concentration of Balçova, Narlıdere and Güzelbahçe was 20.78 ppb while it was 94.71 ppb at Hatay. Concentrations of DBPs in all sampling locations were found to be the highest in spring and lowest in summer and fall. Although TTHM levels in all samples were found to be in accordance with the current drinking water regulations of Turkey, 41 % of the samples from Hatay exceeded the level that will be come into effect in 2012. Multivariate regression analysis suggested that water temperature and total chlorine dose were the most effective parameters for DBPs. In addition, simple regression analysis between total haloacetonitriles and TTHMs revealed a very high correlation (R2.0.83). Logistic regression models were able to predict the probability of exceedance of the selected TTHM thresholds with 76 % efficiency.Master Thesis Effects of Frying on Indoor Air Quality(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2013) Toprak, Melis; Sofuoğlu, Sait CemilFrying is an important indoor air pollution source. It may cause chronic health effects on cooks. This study measured indoor air concentratinos of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), aldehydes, particulate matter, CO and CO2 in a small scale restaurant kitchen before, during, and after frying with a margarine produced specifically for frying. Both sampling and monitoring strategies were employed. Individual VOCs, aldehydes, and PM2.5 concentrations were determined by sampling. Total VOCs, PM10, CO, and CO2 concentrations were determined using a monitoring device. Temperature and relative humidity were also monitored as comfort variables in addition to CO2. Two campaigns were conducted. In Campaign-1 real working conditions were studied. In Campaign-2 only potatoes were fried with varying amounts. N-heptane, ethyl acetate, nonanal, and n-octane were the realtively higher concentration compounds in both campaigns. The increase in PM10 concentrations, however, was much more pronounced: about five times higher when the lowest concentration observed in the very beginning and the peak concentration during frying are compared, and two times higher when the average concentrations are compared. CO and CO2 concentrations were relatively low, and temperature and relative humidity levels were generally in the comfort zone. The observed PM10 concentrations during frying and the average PM2.5 concentrations (80-250 μg/m3) of 4-hr period that covers the all three periods (before, during, and after) in Campaign-1 indicate that chronic health effects are probable for cooks who frequently cook by frying with the frying margarine.Master Thesis Assessmanet of Exposure and Risk Associated With Trihalomethanes and Other Volatile Organic Compounds in Drinking Water(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2005) Kavcar, Pınar; Sofuoğlu, Sait CemilConcentrations of 54 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured in İzmir drinking water, and associated health risks due to ingestion of these compounds were investigated using a semi-probabilistic sampling design. 100 houses were visited in different districts of İzmir and drinking water samples were collected from consumer taps and bottled waters. Using questionnaires, demographics and drinking water consumption rates were determined. Individual and population based exposures and risks were estimated by employing deterministic and probabilistic approaches, respectively.Trihalomethanes (THMs) (i.e., chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform), benzene, toluene, p-xylene, and naphthalene were the most frequently detected VOCs in İzmir drinking water with concentrations ranging from below detection limit to 35 .g/l. None of the samples exceeded the maximum contaminant levels stated in the Turkish, European, and American drinking water regulations. For all VOCs, the concentrations measured in metropolitan area were greater than those in other districts. All THM species were detected in higher concentrations in tap water.Noncarcinogenic risks attributable to ingestion of VOCs in İzmir drinking water were negligible whereas the mean carcinogenic risk estimates for bromodichloromethane and dibromochloromethane were above the acceptable level of one in a million (10-6). Deterministic approach revealed that 23%, 29%, and 2% of individuals had lifetime cancer risks greater than 10-6 associated with ingestion of bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform, respectively. The results of this study show that exposures to drinking water contaminants and associated risks may be higher than the acceptable level even if the concentrations fall below the drinking water standards.