Sürdürülebilir Yeşil Kampüs Koleksiyonu / Sustainable Green Campus Collection
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Article Citation - WoS: 91Citation - Scopus: 95Source Apportionment and Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Passive Air Sampler-Derived Pahs and Pcbs in a Heavily Industrialized Region(Elsevier Ltd., 2018) Çetin, Banu; Yurdakul, Sema; Güngörmüş, Elif; Öztürk, Fatma; Sofuoğlu, Sait CemilCancer has become the primary reason of deaths in Dilovasi probably due to its location with unique topography under the influence of heavy industrialization and traffic. In this study, possible sources and carcinogenic health risks of PAHs and PCBs were investigated in Dilovasi region by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and the USEPA approach, respectively. PAHs and PCBs were measured monthly for a whole year at 23 sampling sites using PUF disk passive samplers. Average ambient air concentrations were found as 285 ± 431 ng/m 3 and 4152 ± 6072 pg/m 3 , for Σ 15 PAH and Σ 41 PCB, respectively. PAH concentrations increased with decreasing temperature especially at urban sites, indicating the impact of residential heating in addition to industrial activities and traffic. On the other hand, PCB concentrations mostly increased with temperature probably due to enhanced volatilization from their sources. Possible sources of PAHs were found as emissions of diesel and gasoline vehicles, biomass and coal combustion, iron and steel industry, and unburned petroleum/petroleum products, whereas iron-steel production, coal and biomass burning, technical PCB mixtures, and industrial emissions were identified for PCBs. The mean carcinogenic risk associated with inhalation exposure to PAHs and PCBs were estimated to be >10 −6 and >10 −5 , respectively, at all sampling points, while the 95th percentile was >10 −5 at 15 of 23 and >10 −4 at 8 of 23 sampling locations, respectively. Probabilistic assessment showed, especially for PCBs, that a majority of Dilovasi population face significant health risks. The higher risks due to PCBs further indicated that PCBs and possibly other pollutants originating from the same sources such as PBDEs and PCNs may be an important issue for the region.Article Citation - WoS: 98Citation - Scopus: 118Organophosphate Ester (opes) Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Air and Soil From a Highly Industrialized City in Turkey(Elsevier Ltd., 2018) Kurt Karakuş, Perihan Binnur; Alegria, Henry; Birgül, Aşkın; Güngörmüş, Elif; Jantunen, LiisaPassive air samples were collected at eight sites in Bursa, Turkey during five sampling periods between February–December 2014. Locations encompassed urban, suburban, industrial, rural and background environments. Soil samples (n = 8) were collected at each site during February 2014. Six OPEs were detected in samples: tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), and tris(2-isopropylphenyl) phosphate (T2iPPP). Frequency of detection in air samples was TCPP and TPHP (100%) > TBOEP (88%) > TCEP (85%) > TEHP (78%) > T2iPPP (20%). Total OPEs in air per site by sampling period (excluding non-detects) ranged from 529 to 19,139 pg/m3. In soil, total OPEs ranged from 38 to 468 ng/g dw. In air, alkylated OPEs dominated followed by halogenated and aryl OPEs. In air, annual mean concentrations were TBOEP > TCPP > TPHP > T2iPPP > TEHP > TCEP. In soils, alkylated OPEs were dominant at six sites and chlorinated OPEs at two sites. A comparison of OPE profiles between air and soil suggests that soils may be partly a source of OPEs to air. Mean concentrations in air were not directly proportional to temperature, and there were differences between alkylated compared to halogenated and aryl OPEs. In air, total and alkylated OPEs levels were fairly uniform, whereas more variability was found for the halogenated and aryl compounds. The relative contribution to total OPEs decreases for alkylated OPEs and increases for halogenated OPEs in samples going from background to suburban to urban and industrial sites. Levels of individual OPEs were all positively correlated between air and soils. In air, correlations between individual compounds were weak to moderate and were only statistically significant for TBOEP and TPHP. In soils, correlations were generally stronger and statistically significant only for TPHP and T2iPPP.Article Citation - WoS: 45Citation - Scopus: 45The First Countrywide Monitoring of Selected Pops: Polychlorinated Biphenyls (pcbs), Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (pbdes) and Selected Organochlorine Pesticides (ocps) in the Atmosphere of Turkey(Elsevier Ltd., 2018) Kurt Karakuş, Perihan Binnur; Ugranlı Çiçek, Tuğba; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Çelik, Halil; Güngörmüş, Elif; Gedik, Kadir; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Ökten, Hatice Eser; Birgül, Aşkın; Alegria, Henry; Jones, Kevin C.Atmospheric levels of 43 PCBs, 22 OCPs, and 14 PBDEs were determined in 16 cities at urban and rural sites by passive sampling to generate the first large-scale nationwide dataset of POP residues in Turkey's atmosphere. Sampling campaign was performed from May 2014 to April 2015 with three-month sampling periods at locations on east-west and north-south transects through the country to investigate seasonal and spatial variations, including long range atmospheric transport (LRAT). Factor analysis was conducted to infer on the potential sources. Overall average Σ43PCBs concentration was 108 ± 132 pg/m3. PCB-118 (26.3 ± 44.6 pg/m3) was the top congener, and penta-CBs had the highest contribution with 54.3%. ΣDDTs had the highest annual mean concentration with 134 ± 296 pg/m3 among the OCP groups among which the highest concentration compound was p'p-DDE (97.6 ± 236 pg/m3). Overall average concentration of Σ14PBDEs was 191 ± 329 pg/m3 with the highest contribution from BDE-190 (42%). Comparison of OCPs and PCBs concentrations detected at temperatures which were above and below annual average temperature indicated higher concentrations in the warmer periods, hence significance of secondary emissions for several OCPs and Σ43PCBs, as well as inference as LRAT from secondary emissions. The first nationwide POPs database constructed in this study, point to current use, local secondary emissions, and LRAT for different individual compounds, and indicate the need for regular monitoring. The first country-wide passive sampling of selected POPs showed no unequivocal trends reflecting transitional location of Turkey.Article Citation - WoS: 108Citation - Scopus: 113Spatial and Seasonal Variations, Sources, Air-Soil Exchange, and Carcinogenic Risk Assessment for Pahs and Pcbs in Air and Soil of Kutahya, Turkey, the Province of Thermal Power Plants(Elsevier Ltd., 2017) Dumanoğlu, Yetkin; Gaga, Eftade O.; Güngörmüş, Elif; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Odabaşı, MustafaAtmospheric and concurrent soil samples were collected during winter and summer of 2014 at 41 sites in Kutahya, Turkey to investigate spatial and seasonal variations, sources, air-soil exchange, and associated carcinogenic risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The highest atmospheric and soil concentrations were observed near power plants and residential areas, and the wintertime concentrations were generally higher than ones measured in summer. Spatial distribution of measured ambient concentrations and results of the factor analysis showed that the major contributing PAH sources in Kutahya region were the coal combustion for power generation and residential heating (48.9%), and diesel and gasoline exhaust emissions (47.3%) while the major PCB sources were the coal (thermal power plants and residential heating) and wood combustion (residential heating) (45.4%), and evaporative emissions from previously used technical PCB mixtures (34.7%). Results of fugacity fraction calculations indicated that the soil and atmosphere were not in equilibrium for most of the PAHs (88.0% in winter, 87.4% in summer) and PCBs (76.8% in winter, 83.8% in summer). For PAHs, deposition to the soil was the dominant mechanism in winter while in summer volatilization was equally important. For PCBs, volatilization dominated in summer while deposition was higher in winter. Cancer risks associated with inhalation and accidental soil ingestion of soil were also estimated. Generally, the estimated carcinogenic risks were below the acceptable risk level of 10− 6. The percentage of the population exceeding the acceptable risk level ranged from < 1% to 16%, except, 32% of the inhalation risk levels due to PAH exposure in winter at urban/industrial sites were > 10− 6.Article Citation - WoS: 39Citation - Scopus: 44Polyurethane Foam (puf) Disk Passive Samplers Derived Polychlorinated Biphenyls (pcbs) Concentrations in the Ambient Air of Bursa-Turkey: Spatial and Temporal Variations and Health Risk Assessment(Elsevier Ltd., 2017) Birgül, Aşkın; Kurt Karakuş, Perihan Binnur; Alegria, Henry; Güngörmüş, Elif; Çelik, Halil; Çiçek, Tuğba; Güven, Emine CanPolyurethane foam (PUF) passive samplers were employed to assess air concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in background, agricultural, semi-urban, urban and industrial sites in Bursa, Turkey. Samplers were deployed for approximately 2-month periods from February to December 2014 in five sampling campaign. Results showed a clear rural-agricultural-semi-urban-urban-industrial PCBs concentration gradient. Considering all sampling periods, ambient air concentrations of Σ43PCBs ranged from 9.6 to 1240 pg/m3at all sites with an average of 24.1 ± 8.2, 43.8 ± 24.4, 140 ± 190, 42.8 ± 24.6, 160 ± 280, 84.1 ± 105, 170 ± 150 and 280 ± 540 pg/m3for Mount Uludag, Uludag University Campus, Camlica, Bursa Technical University Osmangazi Campus, Hamitler, Agakoy, Kestel Organised Industrial District and Demirtas Organised Industrial District sampling sites, respectively. The ambient air PCB concentrations increased along a gradient from background to industrial areas by a factor of 1.7–11.4. 4-Cl PCBs (31.50–81.60%) was the most dominant homologue group at all sampling sites followed by 3-Cl, 7-Cl, 6-Cl and 5-Cl homologue groups. Sampling locations and potential sources grouped in principal component analysis. Results of PCA plots highlighted a large variability of the PCB mixture in air, hence possible related sources, in Bursa area. Calculated inhalation risk levels in this study indicated no serious adverse health effects. This study is one of few efforts to characterize PCB composition in ambient air seasonally and spatially for urban and industrial areas of Turkey by using passive samplers as an alternative sampling method for concurrent monitoring at multiple sites.Article Citation - WoS: 20Citation - Scopus: 26Pops in a Major Conurbation in Turkey: Ambient Air Concentrations, Seasonal Variation, Inhalation and Dermal Exposure, and Associated Carcinogenic Risks(Springer Verlag, 2016) Ugranlı, Tuğba; Güngörmüş, Elif; Kavcar, Pınar; Demircioğlu, Eylem; Odabaşı, Mustafa; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Lammel, Gerhard; Sofuoglu, AysunSemi-volatile organic compounds were monitored over a whole year, by collection of gas and particle phases every sixth day at a suburban site in Izmir, Turkey. Annual mean concentrations of 32 polychlorinated biphenyls (∑32PCBs) and 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (∑14PAHs) were 348 pg/m3 and 36 ng/m3, respectively, while it was 273 pg/m3 for endosulfan, the dominant compound among 23 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Monte Carlo simulation was applied to the USEPA exposure-risk models for the estimation of the population exposure and carcinogenic risk probability distributions for heating and non-heating periods. The estimated population risks associated with dermal contact and inhalation routes to ∑32PCBs, ∑14PAHs, and some of the targeted OCPs (α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, α-chlordane (α-CHL), γ-chlordane (γ-CHL), and p,p′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p′-DDT)) were in the ranges of 1.86 × 10−16–7.29 × 10−9 and 1.38 × 10−10–4.07 × 10−6, respectively. The inhalation 95th percentile risks for ∑32PCBs, ∑14PAHs, and OCPs were about 6, 3, and 4–7 orders of magnitude higher than those of dermal route, respectively. The 95th percentile inhalation risk for ∑32PCBs and OCPs in the non-heating period were 1.8- and 1.2–4.6 folds higher than in the heating period, respectively. In contrast, the 95th percentile risk levels for ∑14PAHs in the heating period were 4.3 times greater than that of non-heating period for inhalation, respectively. While risk levels associated with exposure to PCBs and OCPs did not exceed the acceptable level of 1 × 10−6, it was exceeded for 47 % of the population associated with inhalation of PAHs with a maximum value of about 4 × 10−6.Article Citation - WoS: 37Citation - Scopus: 39Inhalation and Dermal Exposure To Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Associated Carcinogenic Risks in a Relatively Small City(Elsevier Ltd., 2014) Güngörmüş, Elif; Tuncel, Semra; Tecer, Lokman Hakan; Sofuoğlu, Sait CemilThe aim of this study was to conduct a carcinogenic risk assessment for exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) via routes of inhalation and dermal contact. Concentrations of 19 PAH species were determined during a heating period at a site in the city of Balikesir, Turkey. Two questionnaires were administered to a sample of inhabitants to determine time-activity budgets and demographic information. The assessment was conducted for each participant and Balikesir population by deterministic and probabilistic approaches, respectively. Monte Carlo simulation was implemented to determine the population exposure-risk probability distributions. The estimates were based on benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) total PAH concentrations calculated using toxic equivalency factors. The mean and median BaPeq concentrations of gaseous and particulate phases were 3.25 and 1.34, and 38.5 and 34.0ng/m3, respectively. Carcinogenic risk for inhalation exposure route was estimated by using two different slope factor values (3.9 and 304.5(mg/kg-day)-1), recommended by two different organizations, resulting in two (order(s) of magnitude apart) population risk ranges: 1.32×10-7-2.23×10-4, and 1.61×10-5-7.95×10-3, respectively. The population risks associated with dermal exposure were lower compared to those of inhalation, ranging from 6.58×10-9 to 2.57×10-6. The proportion of the population with risks higher than the general acceptable level (1.0×10-6) was estimated as >99 percent, for inhalation, and as 28 percent for dermal exposure route.Master Thesis Ambient Air Persistent Organic Pollutant Monitoring, Backtrajectory Modeling, and Health Risk Assessment(Izmir Institute of Technology, 2015) Güngörmüş, Elif; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Sofuoğlu, Sait CemilTurkish Government has officially become a party to the Stockholm Convention as of 2010, therefore, determination of POPs in environmental compartments in Turkey is a critical concern. In this study, 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 43 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in gas and particulate phases of ambient air samples collected in Izmir and Istanbul from May to October 2014 on a weekly basis. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to quantify the targeted pollutants. Potential source regions were assessed by applying back-trajectory and Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF). Population carcinogenic risk levels associated with inhalation exposure were estimated by using Monte Carlo simulation, for which sensitivity and uncertainty analyses were also conducted. The highest mean concentration compounds were heptachlor (61±126 pg/m3) and p,p’-DDE (54±57 pg/m3) in Izmir and Istanbul, respectively. The mean Ʃ43PCBs concentration was found as 232±224 pg/m3 in Izmir, and 104±48 pg/m3 in Istanbul. Gas phase concentartions of OCPs and PCBs were generally much higher than particle phase. The PSCF results pointed out different potential source regions: Middle East, Eurasia, and Europe. All the estimated carcinogenic risks based on the 95% percentile values for individual OCPs and Ʃ43PCBs were calculated below the acceptable risk levels (10-6), indicating no significant potential health risk via inhalation route.