Sürdürülebilir Yeşil Kampüs Koleksiyonu / Sustainable Green Campus Collection

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/7755

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2001 - 2009172010 - 201813

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Department: search.filters.department.Thesis (Master)--İzmir Institute of Technology, Environmental EngineeringHas files: Yes

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Now showing 1 - 10 of 30
  • Master Thesis
    The Use of Vetiveria Zizanioides (l) Nash and Cyperus Alternifolius L. by Floating Wetland Treatment To Improve Water Quality
    (Izmir Institute of Technology, 2018) Yücel, Arzu; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil
    The olive mill wastewater (OMW), arises during the production process of olive oil, is an important problem in all Mediterranean countries. OMW shows seasonality, and contain high organic pollutant. Eventhough various methods have been studied for the treatment, olive oil producers neither can afford the cost of these methods, nor it can provide the discharge standards. The capacity of phytoremediation of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash (vetiver) and Cyperus alternifolius L. (umbrella palm) species was evaulated in the treatment of OMW by floating treatment wetland (FTW) method. The 5 and 15% concentrations of OMW (OMW-5 and OMW-15) were remediated by these plants, and unplanted sets as triplicates for 67 days to determine their organic and nitrogen reduction. Therefore, total organic carbon (TOC), total phenol and total nitrogen (TN) in the OMW were measured. The amount of biomass at the beginning of the experiment were 2.5 and 4.0 kg OMW-5 and OMW-15 respectively. The highest biomass growth rate (149%) and total phenol accumulation in plant (439%) were observed in umbrella palm. The results showed that umbrella palm achieved 95%, 99%, 82% removal in TOC, total phenol, TN while these removals were 85%, 93%, 40% in vetiver planted OMW-5 tanks. Similarly, the removal in OMW-15 were comparable with 90, 97, 41 percentages with umbrella palm and 79, 92, and 21 percentages for vetiver respectively. As a result, it seems that umbrella palm and vetiver have potential in diluted OMW treatment by FTW for future.
  • Master Thesis
    Exposure and Risk Assessment for Arsenic in Simav Plain by Ingestion of Edible Crops
    (Izmir Institute of Technology, 2017) Terzi, Begüm; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Gündüz, Orhan
    Ingestion is the main route of exposure to arsenic. The pathways of concern are ingestion of drinking water and arsenic-accumulating plants. Simav plain has been shown to have the natural arsenic conamination of waters and soil. However, foodstuff was not made a subject of investigation. In this study, arsenic exposure via ingestion of edible plants cultivated in Simav plain was investigated based on the modeling of the measured soil concentrations and data collected from the literature, which were for bioconcentration factors, plant consumption rates, background arsenic concentrations in plants, plant root depths, and body weights. Eighteen plant species, which are bean, broccoli, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, corn, cucumber, eggplant, garlic, lettuce, okra, onion, potato, radish, spinach, sunflower seed, tomato, and wheat were studied. Chronic-toxic and carcinogenic risks associated with the consumption contaminated foodstuff were assessed with two approaches: scenario based point estimates (deterministic approach) and population based estimates (probabilistic approach). Monte Carlo simulation was used to determine chronic-toxic and carcinogenic risks via ingestion of edible plants probabilistically. Wheat was found as the plant variety with the highest non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks which was followed by potato, tomato, cucumber, corn, cabbage, eggplant, and onion. Non-carcinogenic risk levels for broccoli, cauliflower, garlic, and radish were below the threshold level. However, their carcinogenic risk levels were considerable. The risk levels estimated in this study are exceptionally high, indicating consumption of the plants cultivated in Simav may pose significant chronic-toxic and carcinogenic health risks.
  • Master Thesis
    B and Se Transport Modeling in Saturated/Unsaturated Zones
    (Izmir Institute of Technology, 2002) Yüreklitürk, O. Emin; Tayfur, Gökmen
    There has been renewed interest in the application of models to the transport of non-point source pollutants. However, very little work has been done to evaluate the performance of a functional transient-state model for the transport of a reactive solute over an extensive study period. This research consists of mathematical modeling to simulate water flow, boron and selenium transport through soil in tile-drained croplands.For Boron part a mathematical model was developed to simulate non-conservative boron transport. The dynamic two-dimensional finite element model simulates water flow and boron transport in saturated-unsaturated soil system, including boron sorption and boron uptake by root-water extraction. Two different models have been employed for the sorption of boron. Similarly, for selenium part a finite element model is developed to simulate species of selenium transport in two dimensions in saturated/unsaturated zones. The model considers water, selenate, selenite and selenomethionine uptake by plants. It also considers oxidation/reduction, volatilization, and chemical and biological transformations of selenate, selenite, and selenomethionine. Comparison of boron transport model results with observed data is satisfactory. The model employed with Langmuir isotherm was found to give slightly better simulation results when compared with the model employed with Freundlich. The sensitivity analysis results indicate that the irrigation scheduling and the irrigation water quality are very important parameters for boron accumulation in the soil. Also the adsorption isotherm parameters, which reflect us the soil properties, are found to be important for the boron movement in the soil. Comparison of selenium transport model with observed data is not quite satisfactory in accuracy when compared with the model for boron transport. This may be the result of the complexity of the mechanisms affecting the selenium transport in soil. There are too many parameters, and due to the errors depending on the parameters, the total error for the estimation of the total selenium increases.
  • Master Thesis
    The Investigation of Seawater Intrusion of Coastal Aquifer in Karareis (karaburun Peninsula)
    (Izmir Institute of Technology, 2016) Mansour, Ahmed Y. S.; Baba, Alper; Gündüz, Orhan
    Seawater intrusion is a major problem to freshwater resources especially in coastal areas where fresh groundwater is surrounded and could easily be influenced by seawater. This study presents the development of conceptual and numerical model for the coastal aquifer of Karareis region in the western part of Turkey. The study also presents the interpretation and the analysis of the groundwater levels recorded by groundwater data loggers. Groundwater pumping from Karareis aquifer has increased significantly during the summer period to meet the agriculture and domestic water demands. Levels of groundwater were measured at nine locations in Karareis region; also water samples were collected and analyzed for some parameters. For this study SEAWAT code is used to solve the numerical model for the coupled density dependent flow system. The model was calibrated using the average of one-year dataset of collected groundwater levels. Model validation was handled using the average of groundwater levels measured over more one year. Five scenarios were tested to understand the effects of pumping and climate change on groundwater levels and seawater intrusion in the next ten years. The result of analysis demonstrated a high concentration of electrical conductivity and chloride along the coastal part of the study area. As a result of the numerical model, seawater intrusion will extent about 420 m towards the land in the next ten years of increased pumping scenario, while a little change in water level and TDS concentration was recognized in climate change scenario. Results also showed that reducing the pumping from Karareis wells will be necessary to protect the freshwater from contamination by seawater.
  • Master Thesis
    Environmental Impact and Capacity Analysis of Renewable Energy Resources: Case Study of Wind Energy in Turkey
    (Izmir Institute of Technology, 2016) Değirmenci, Sinem; Bingöl, Ferhat; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Bingöl, Ferhat; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil
    The majority of electricity in Turkey is generated from coal and natural gas; however, renewable energy, especially wind power, is a promising energy source for Turkey. Development of new wind energy project requires complex planning process involving many social, technical, economic, environmental, political concerns and different agents such as investors, utilities, governmental agencies or social groups. To address the proper site selection, a Geographic Information System (GIS) based Multi- Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) method has been used in previous studies. The aim of this study is to develop a GIS-based multi-criteria decision making application which can be updated by the changing regulations to identify potential sites for wind power plants in Turkey. A variety of constraints and factors were identified based on a literature review, regulations and gathered from variety of agencies. After excluding of infeasible sites, pairwise comparisons was carried out using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) as MCDM method by the study group to estimate relative importance of the criteria. The suitability map obtained from MCDM analysis was divided into four classes from the low suitable to extremely suitable area. As a final stage, decision making was carried out with the objectives by environmental impact approach. The output of this study can be used by energy planners to estimate the extent that wind energy can be developed based on public perception, administrative and environmental aspects.
  • Master Thesis
    Persistent Organic Pollutants in Turkey's Atmosphere: Spatial Variation
    (Izmir Institute of Technology, 2015) Çiçek, Tuğba; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil; Kurt Karakuş, Perihan Binnur
    The objectives of this study was to measure ambient air levels of 43 PCBs and 22 OCPs in 16 cities at urban and background sites by using polyurethane foam discs (PUF) as passive air samplers (PAS), to investigate spatial variations, and to generate a baseline database which is the first large-scale nationwide database for POP residues in air of Turkey. Air sampling was conducted from May 2014 to April 2015 with three-month sampling periods. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry after extraction, clean-up, and volume reduction. The one-year overall average Σ43PCBs concentration was 108±132 pg/m3. The one-year average of Σ43PCBs ranged from 14.5±14.3 pg/m3 (Kayseri) to 403±428 pg/m3 (İzmir) at urban sites with a mean of 116±141 pg/m3, and from 19.0±22.7 pg/m3 (Aksaray) to 217±353 pg/m3 (Kastamonu) at rural sites with a mean of 101±122 pg/m3. PCB 118 had the highest mean concentration (26.3±44.6 pg/m3) among the 43 PCB congeners. The PCB homologue group with the highest contribution was penta-CBs with 54.3%. Overall one-year average Σ22OCPs concentration was 341±870 pg/m3 with a range of 55.3±36.5 pg/m3 (Çankırı) and 1294±2153 pg/m3 (Kırklareli). ΣDDT had the highest overall mean level with 134±296 pg/m3 among the OCP groups. The highest concentration OCPs were p’p-DDE (97.6±236 pg/m3), HCB (45.3±197 pg/m3), α-HCH (22.0±92.8 pg/m3), β-HCH (21.8±96.1 pg/m3), and p’p-DDT (21.3±77.4 pg/m3). Principle Components Analysis showed that, in addition to the OCP with the highest concentration (p’p-DDE), parent OCP compounds such as α-endosulfan, α-HCH, HCB, and p’p-DDT differed from the others, and some of the remaining decay products were grouped together indicating similar behavior. Highly chlorinated PCBs were clustered together. Mann-Whitney U test indicated that the difference in the median concentrations of urban and rural sites was not significant. It was also used to test the significance of temperature effect on the median concentrations at a high and a low temperature range. The medians were significantly different for HCB, dieldrin, p’p-DDT, and β-endosulfan at urban sites but not significant for the remaining OCPs and ΣPCBs. The difference in the medians was significant for HCB, heptachlor, dieldrin, endrin, p’p-DDE, Mirex, and ΣPCBs at rural sites
  • Master Thesis
    Ambient Air Persistent Organic Pollutant Monitoring, Backtrajectory Modeling, and Health Risk Assessment
    (Izmir Institute of Technology, 2015) Güngörmüş, Elif; Sofuoğlu, Aysun; Sofuoğlu, Sait Cemil
    Turkish Government has officially become a party to the Stockholm Convention as of 2010, therefore, determination of POPs in environmental compartments in Turkey is a critical concern. In this study, 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 43 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in gas and particulate phases of ambient air samples collected in Izmir and Istanbul from May to October 2014 on a weekly basis. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to quantify the targeted pollutants. Potential source regions were assessed by applying back-trajectory and Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF). Population carcinogenic risk levels associated with inhalation exposure were estimated by using Monte Carlo simulation, for which sensitivity and uncertainty analyses were also conducted. The highest mean concentration compounds were heptachlor (61±126 pg/m3) and p,p’-DDE (54±57 pg/m3) in Izmir and Istanbul, respectively. The mean Ʃ43PCBs concentration was found as 232±224 pg/m3 in Izmir, and 104±48 pg/m3 in Istanbul. Gas phase concentartions of OCPs and PCBs were generally much higher than particle phase. The PSCF results pointed out different potential source regions: Middle East, Eurasia, and Europe. All the estimated carcinogenic risks based on the 95% percentile values for individual OCPs and Ʃ43PCBs were calculated below the acceptable risk levels (10-6), indicating no significant potential health risk via inhalation route.
  • Master Thesis
    An Investigation of Dye-Surfactant Intetactions in Aqueous Solutions for Elucidating the Mechanisms of Ultrafiltration
    (Izmir Institute of Technology, 2014) Olcay, Aybike Nil; Polat, Mehmet; Polat, Hürriyet
    Low Molecular Weight Contaminants (LMWCs) in waters are serious environmental concern due to removal problems with classical techniques such as chemical coagulation, biological treatments and adsorption. LMWCs are usually copresent with surface active agents in contaminated waters. Though such advanced removal techniques as ultrafiltration and micelle enhanced ultrafiltration are said to perform better, no systematic study is present for elucidating how the contaminantsurfactants interactions affect removal efficiency. In this study, methylene blue (MB), a dye widely employed in textile, paper and chemical industries, was chosen as the model contaminant. Surfactants selected were anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cationic hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and non-ionic ethoxylated octylphenol (TX-100). Surface tension, size, charge and contact angle measurements were conducted to investigate dye-surfactant interactions. Cellulose nitrate filters were employed to determine the effect of these interactions in filtration efficiency. It was found that significant amount of MB was removed from solution since it attached on the negatively charged cellulose nitrate filter. Though presence of surfactants generally decreased MB removal efficiency, MB-SDS interaction created large-loose aggregates at low SDS concentrations which cannot pass the filter paper. The MB-CTAB/TX-100 interactions created positively charged MB-surfactant pairs which can attach to the filter surface causing a decrease in the removal. At concentrations above Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC), the efficiency of MB removal is low due to the formation of surfactant-micelles that are smaller than the pores of the filter. Detailed size distribution experiments suggest that MB molecules are within the micelles structure, not in the core as believed in literature and do not increase the size of the micelle.
  • Master Thesis
    Protection of the Marble Monument Surfaces by Using Biodegradaple Polymers
    (Izmir Institute of Technology, 2007) Ocak, Yılmaz; Sofuoğlu, Aysun
    The deterioration of historic buildings and monuments constructed by marble has been accelerated in the past century due to the effects of air pollution. The main pollutant Sulphur dioxide (SO2) reacts with marble composed primarily of calcite (CaCO3), the firs step of decay which called gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) crust is formed and this process can be accelerated when the surfaces exposed to the rain.In this study, the possibilities of slowing down the SO2-marble reactions were investigated by coating the surface of marble with some bio-degradable polymers: zein, chitosan, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and polylactic acid (PLA) as protective agents.Uncoated control marbles and biodegradable polymer coated marbles were exposed at nearly 8 ppm SO2 concentration at 100 % relative humidity conditions in a reaction chamber for several days. The extent of reaction was determined by leaching sulphate from the marble surface into deionized water and measuring the total concentration of sulphate with ion chromatography (IC). Then, gypsum crust thickness, polymers % protection factor and average deposition velocity were calculated. Concurrently, the ratio and amount of calcium sulfite hemihydrate (CaSO3.H2O)and gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) were determined by FT-IR analysis. The surface morphology of SO2 exposed marble to distinguished calcium sulfite hemihydrate and gypsum crystals were determined by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).The results of the study showed that SO2-calcite reaction increased in the use of zein, glycerol added zein and chitosan polymers on the surface of marble. While, PHB treated marble surfaces had 5 % increases in the protection factor. The low molecular weight PLA protection factor was 45 % after 85 days exposure. Similar results were observed when the high molecular weight of PLA used. The protection was extended to more than 90 days having 60 % protection factor.
  • Master Thesis
    A Chromatographicstudy of Carbon Monoxide Adsorption in Clinoptilolite
    (Izmir Institute of Technology, 2001) Narin, Güler; Ülkü, Semra
    Adsorption equilibrium and kinetic parameters for CO/clinoptilolite adsorbate/adsorbent pair were determined by perturbation gas chromatography. Chromatographic experiments were performed at temperatures in the 60-120°C range and at carrier gas flow rates in the range of 10.31-24.36 em/sec. The chromatographic response peaks were obtained by concentration pulse method. A packed column of 10 em length and 0.46 em inlet diameter which was packed with clinoptilolite particles with narrow size distribution (500-850 §) around mean diameter of301.9 § was used. The clinopti10lite particles were excavated from Gordes, Western Anatolia. The moments of the response peaks were calculated by integration of experimental chromatographic data and matched to the .model parameters in order to determine the equilibrium constants and diffusion coefficients. The dynamic model (Haynes and Sarma, 1973) was applied to describe the adsorption and diffusion processes in the packed column. This model includes axial dispersion, external mass transfer resistance, micropore and mesopore diffusion resistances. The equilibrium constants (Henry's law constants, K) were calculated in the range of 40 - 952 and were found to be in good agreement with the results in the literature. These constants were found to decrease with increasing temperature. The heats of adsorption were obtained in the range of 54.15 - 57.14 kl/mol from the slope of van't Hoff plots and compared with those in the literature. The heats of adsorption were found to be lower than those reported in the literature obtained for the same adsorbate/adsorbent pair. The higher heats of adsorption were explained by the smaller pore size, higher cation content of the clinoptilolite and more accessibility of the cations in the clinoptilolite framework by CO molecules. Heats of adsorption remained almost constant over the carrier gas velocity range studied. The contributions of axial dispersion and other mass transfer resistances Indiffusion of CO in clinoptilolite were also determined. The total dispersion exhibited slight change (average 0.035 see) with temperature implying that the micropore diffusional resistance was not dominant for diffusion of CO in clinoptilolite under the experimental conditions studied. The axial dispersion coefficient was determined in the range of 1.149.88 cm2/sec and the total mass transfer resistances were found between 0,02-0.06 sec. The results showed that the mesopore diffusion resistance was the controlling mechanism in CO diffusion in clinoptilolite. Mesopore diffusion coefficient was estimated as 2.98xlO-3 cm2/sec. This value was in good agreement with the theoretically determined value.