Food Engineering / Gıda Mühendisliği

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Access Right: Open AccessAuthor: search.filters.author.Ünlütürk, Sevcan

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  • Article
    Effect of Partial Replacement of Sucrose With Stevia and Sucralose on the Physicochemical and Structural-Mechanical Properties of Apple Marmalade
    (2024) Berk, Berkay; Şirin, Pınar; Ünlütürk, Sevcan
    In this study, low-sugar apple marmalade formulations were developed by partial replacement of sucrose with stevia and sucralose. Their rheological, textural, physicochemical properties and microstructures were evaluated. The concentration of sweeteners was found to have a significant effect on the physicochemical and rheological properties of the formulations. The hardness of marmalades decreased with addition of sweeteners. Herschel–Bulkley model was found to be the best model describing rheological behavior. The consistency index decreased with increasing sweeteners substitution, whereas the flow behavior index showed an increasing trend with the increase of the sweeteners content. Additionally, the microstructure of marmalades with sweetener substitution exhibited a porous structure in the gel network. The increase in sucralose concentration resulted in more surface deformation resulting in weaker gel formation than stevia. Marmalade prepared with 50% stevia substitution was found the best combination and resulted in good sensory properties like marmalade samples containing 500 g sugar.
  • Research Project
    UV ışın yayan diyotların (UV-LEDs)taze sıkılmış elma suyunun pastörizasyonunda alternatif bir teknoloji olarak kullanılabilirliğinin araştırılması
    (TÜBİTAK - Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, 2014) Ünlütürk, Sevcan
    Bu proje kapsamında, UV-LED lamba ışınlarının taze sıkılmış bulanık elma suyunun (ES) pastörizasyonunda alternatif bir teknoloji olarak kullanılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Projenin ilk aşamasında UV-LED lambaların kullanıldığı masa üstü statik bir ünite tasarlanıp yaptırılmıştır. “Starking Delecious çeşidi” elmalardan elde edilen elma suyu örneklerinin fiziksel, kimyasal ve optik özellikleri (pH, suda çözünür kuru madde (°Brix), bulanıklık (NTU), renk (L*, a*, b*), absorbans katsayısı (cm-1 ), toplam asitlik, ve askorbik asit içeriği belirlenmiştir. 24,712280nm (19,184254nm) absorbans katsayısına ve 908,5 NTU bulanıklık değerine sahip bulanık elma suyu, 280 nm ve 254 nm dalga boylarına sahip 4 adet UV LED lamba kullanılarak 40 dakika boyunca UV ışınlarına maruz bırakılmıştır. 280 nm dalga boyuna sahip lambalar kullanıldığında, pastörize edilmiş bulanık elma suyuna inoküle edilen E. coli K12 suşunda maximum 2,0 log azalma (771,6 mJ/cm2 UV dozda) sağlandığı, 254 nm dalga boyunda lambalar kullanıldığı durumda ise maximum 1,64 log azalma (708 mJ/cm2 UV dozda) sağlanmıştır. 280/365 nm kombine dalga boyunda uygulanan UV işlemi, elma suyundaki poifenoloksidaz enziminin %66,19`ını inaktive edebilmişken, 254 nm ve 280 nm`de uygulanan UV işlemi %29,53 ve %43,65 oranında bir inaktivasyon sağlamıştır. Reaktivasyon denemeleri sonucunda, oda sıcaklığında ve gün ışığına maruz kalan elma suyunda, proses sonrası (280/365 nm, 40 dak.) zarar gören E. coli hücrelerinin sayısı, 4 saat sonunda sadece % 15,68 artmıştır. UV işlemine tabii tutulan elma sularının mikrobiyal raf ömrü maximum 14 gün iken kontrol örnekleri 7 gün içinde bozulmuştur. Pastörize edilen örneklerde ise mikrobiyal gelişme olmamıştır. Kontrol, UV işlemine tabii tutulmuş ve pastörize edilmiş örneklerin renk değerleri arasında önemli farklılık olduğu görülmüş ancak depolama süresi boyunca (14 gün) örneklerin renk değerlerinde önemli bir değişim gözlenmemiştir (p<0,05). Aynı şekilde örneklerin polifenoloksidaz enzim aktivitesinde depolama süresince önemli bir farklılık tespit edilmemiştir (p<0,05).
  • Research Project
    Sıvı Yumurta Ürünlerinin Ultraviole (uv) Işık ile Dezenfeksiyonu
    (2007) Ünlütürk, Sevcan; Tarı, Canan; Korel, Figen
    Bu projede, UV ışığın sıvı yumurta ürünlerinde inaktivasyon etkisinin olup olmadığı tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla hem laboratuvar tipi hem de pilot ölçekli UV cihazı kullanarak, sabit UV dozajında ve farklı tatbik sürelerinde dezenfekte edilen sıvı yumurta ürünlerinde pH, absorbans, renk, bulanıklık gibi fiziksel ölçümlerle beraber toplam canlı sayımı , Salmonella, ve E. Coli gibi mikrobiyolojik analizler yapılmıştır. Labarotuvar tipi UV cihazı ile yapılan biyodozimetrik çalışmalar sonucunda, en iyi logaritmik mikrobiyal azalman ı n (> 2-log) yumurta beyazında sağlandığı ortaya konmuştur. Sürekli sistemde inaktivasyon etkisinin, biyodozimetrik denemelere göre çok daha düşük olduğu görülmüştür. Bunun sonucunda, kullanılan pilot tipi UV reaktörün tasarımında değişiklikler yapılması gerektiği ortaya konmuş ve gerekli öneriler getirilmiştir.
  • Research Project
  • Book Part
    Citation - Scopus: 8
    Uv Processing and Storage of Liquid and Solid Foods: Quality, Microbial, Enzymatic, Nutritional, Organoleptic, Composition and Properties Effects
    (Elsevier, 2021) Hakgüder Taze, Bengi; Pelvan Akgün, Merve; Yıldız, Semanur; Kaya, Zehra; Ünlütürk, Sevcan
    Non-thermal food processing technologies have been explored extensively in recent years in order to develop food products with extended shelf life as well as preserved nutritional and organoleptic characteristics in accordance with the changing consumer demands (Falguera et al., 2011a; Sanchez-Moreno et al., 2009). Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is one of the non-thermal processes that can be applied to reduce the microbial load in liquid foods and surfaces, and to sterilize food packages and packaging materials, and environments involved in food processes (Jimenez-Sanchez et al., 2017a; Bintsis et al., 2000). UV light is subdivided into three regions as short-wave UV (UV-C, 200 and 280 nm), medium-wave UV (UV-B, 280 to 315 nm), and long wave UV (UV-A, 315 to 400 nm). The different types of effects on microorganisms can be caused by UV light of different wavelengths. The effectiveness of UV light on microorganisms results primarily from the fact that DNA molecules absorb UV photons between 200 and 300 nm, with peak absorption around 260–265 nm. This causes DNA damage by altering the nucleotide base pairing, thereby creating new linkages between adjacent nucleotides, particularly between pyrimidine bases, on the same DNA strand and ultimately results in cell death (Zimmer and Slawson, 2002). Peak et al. (1984) proposed that the dimer formation is not the only requirement to damage the DNA. Absorption of different wavelength photons by different molecular groups in the long DNA molecule can damage or destroy these bond groups. Thus, different bonds in the DNA can be affected with photons of different energy (Neister, 2014).
  • Article
    Citation - WoS: 21
    Citation - Scopus: 28
    Effectiveness of Pulsed Light Treatments Assisted by Mild Heat on Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Inactivation in Verjuice and Evaluation of Its Quality During Storage
    (Elsevier, 2020) Martin Belloso, Olga; Soliva Fortuny, Robert; Kaya, Zehra; Ünlütürk, Sevcan
    The effects of pulsed light (PL) processing parameters such as depth of juice layer (1, 3, 5 mm), distance from the lamp (5, 10 cm) and number of pulses (0-50 pulses) on the inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in verjuice, a clarified beverage obtained from freshly-squeezed unripe grapes, were investigated. A reduction of 0.96 +/- 0.27 log CFU/mL was achieved by applying a dose of 34 J/cm(2) (1-mm layer depth, 5-cm distance, 50 pulses). PL was combined with mild heating (MH) at 43, 45 and 47 degrees C to increase its inactivation efficacy. Pasteurization was achieved by applying 17 J/cm(2) at 45 degrees C (PLMH45-3) and 6.12 J/cm(2) at 47 degrees C (PLMH47-3) to a 3-mm juice layer with S. cerevisiae reductions of 5.10 +/- 0.24 and 5.06 +/- 0.08 log CFU/mL, respectively. Quality properties of PLMH47-3-pasteurized verjuice were monitored during 6 weeks of storage at refrigerated (5 degrees C) and room temperature (25 degrees C), The results were compared to those of untreated and thermally pasteurized (72 degrees C/18 s) samples. Untreated juice spoiled within 2 weeks at 25 degrees C. No growth was detected in other conditions for 6 weeks. Among quality characteristics, only optical properties changed slightly during storage. It was concluded that mild MH-assisted pulsed light treatments have potential for verjuice pasteurization compared to conventional thermal pasteurization due to the better preservation of its fresh-like characteristics.
  • Article
    Uv-c Uygulamasının Sıvı Yumurta Beyazının Mikrobiyolojik Kalitesi Üzerine Etkisi
    (Gıda Teknolojisi Derneği, 2010) Ünlütürk, Sevcan; Baysal, Ayşe Handan; Atılgan, Mehmet R.
    Sıvı yumurta beyazı, kabuğundan ayrılmış yarı geçirgen (opak) görünümlü yumurta ürünüdür. Sıvı yumurta beyazı, düşük sıcaklık ve kısa sürelerde pastörize edilerek dayanıklı hale getirilmektedir. Ancak yüksek protein içeriği nedeni ile ısıl işlem ürün kalitesini olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Bu çalışma, ısıl işleme alternatif olarak öne sürülen UV-C ışınlama yöntemiyle sıvı yumurta beyazının mikrobiyolojik kalitesinin incelenmesini kapsamaktadır. Bu amaçla; yumurta beyazı örnekleri, E. coli 0157-.H7 (ATCC 700728), L. innocua (NRRL-B 33314) ve E. coli K-12 (ATCC 25253) ile inoküle edilerek belli dozlarda UV-C ışın uygulamasına tabi tutulmuştur. Denemeler 0-100 mJ/cm2UV doz aralığı ve 1.315 mW/cm2 UV şiddetinde, laboratuvar ölçekli UV dezenfeksiyon cihazı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, E. coli 0157:H7, E. coli K-12 ve L. innocua sayılarında maksimum 3.206±0.777 log, 2.719±0.63 log ve 2.624±0.268 log kob/mL azalma saptanmıştır. Sıvı yumurta beyazı üretiminde, UV-C ışınlarının bir ön işlem olarak kullanılabileceği ve ürünün mikrobiyolojik stâbilitesini artırılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.
  • Article
    Citation - WoS: 17
    Citation - Scopus: 23
    Pasteurization of Verjuice by Uv-C Irradiation and Mild Heat Treatment
    (Wiley, 2019) Kaya, Zehra; Ünlütürk, Sevcan
    Verjuice is a highly acidic juice and more prone to yeast spoilage. In this study, the efficacy of individual and combination processes of UV-C irradiation (UV) and mild heat treatment (MH) for pasteurization of verjuice were assessed. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRL Y-139) was selected as the target microorganism and kinetic parameters for MH, UV, and combined UV + MH inactivation treatments were determined. The UV treatment alone at a UV dose of 0.57 J/cm(2) (energy of 2.30 J/mL), provided only 0.54 +/- 0.02 log CFU/mL reduction of S. cerevisiae. In contrast, the combined treatment (UV + MH2) substantially reduced the number of S. cerevisiae in verjuice, 5.16 +/- 0.24 log CFU/mL reduction was achieved at 0.25 J/cm(2) UV dose (energy of 1.01 J/mL) and 51.25 +/- 1.47 degrees C. The percentage of synergism for the UV + MH inactivation of S. cerevisiae in verjuice was maximized at 51.25 degrees C (50.79% of synergistic effect). Inactivation kinetics of S. cerevisiae was best described by Weibull model with the smallest RMSE and AIC values. D value was decreased from 13.66 to 1.94 min when UV was combined with mild heating. The results showed that UV-C light assisted by mild heat treatment can be a potential alternative to thermal pasteurization of verjuice. Practical applications Fruit juices are prone to spoilage by yeasts, molds, and some acid-tolerant bacteria. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a heat resistant spoilage microorganism and found in some spoiled juices. Thermal pasteurization is widely used for the preservation of fruit juices but results in losses of essential nutrients and changes in physicochemical and organoleptic properties. This study illustrated that the combined UV-C light assisted by mild heat treatment can deliver the required microbial reduction in verjuice. The synergistic effect of two processing methods is suggested for controlling the growth of spoilage microflora of fruit juices.
  • Article
    Citation - WoS: 52
    Citation - Scopus: 69
    Identification of Equivalent Processing Conditions for Pasteurization of Strawberry Juice by High Pressure, Ultrasound, and Pulsed Electric Fields Processing
    (Elsevier, 2019) Yıldız, Semanur; Pokhrel, Prashant Raj; Ünlütürk, Sevcan; Barbosa-Canovas, Gustavo, V
    The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of high pressure processing (HPP), ultrasound (US) and pulsed electric fields (PEF) for the pasteurization of strawberry juice (SJ). Acid-adapted Escherichia coli was used to inoculate SJ prior to treatment with HPP, US, and PEF. HPP was applied at several pressures (200-400 MPa) up to 2 min while US (120 mu m, 24 kHz) was conducted at 25, 40, and 55 degrees C up to 10 min in continuous pulsing mode. In order to avoid excessive use of SJ, PEF was performed using a model solution (MS) basically composed of citric acid (8 g/L), fructose (35 g/L), glucose (35 g/L), Na2HPO4 (0.2 M) and NaCl (5%) to simulate the SJ electrical conductivity, pH, and total soluble solid (TSS). A face-centered composite design was conducted for PEF processing at different electric field intensities (EFI) (25-35 kV/cm) and treatment times (5-27 mu s). Processing conditions were selected that resulted in 5-log CFU/mL inactivation of E. coli. HPP at 300 MPa for 1 min, and US at 55 degrees C (thermosonication) for 3 min reduced E. coli in SJ by 5.75 +/- 0.52 and 5.69 +/- 0.61 log CFU/mL, respectively. PEF treatment at 35 kV/cm, 27 mu s treatment time, 350 mL/min flow rate, and 2 mu s pulse width in monopolar mode resulted in 5.53 +/- 0.00 log reduction of E. coli in MS. Likewise, E. coli population in SJ was also reduced by 5.16 +/- 0.15 log after applying the same PEF conditions to SJ. No E. coli was detected in SJ subjected to conventional thermal pasteurization at 72 degrees C for 15 s. All technologies reduced the natural microbiota below 2 log CFU/mL in terms of the total aerobic bacteria and yeast-mold counts. Thus, this study identified the equivalent conditions for the SJ pasteurization by three nonthermal processing technologies. Industrial relevance: Consumers have an increasing interest towards fresh-like food products with desirable nutritional and sensorial attributes. High pressure, ultrasound and pulsed electric field are three relevant novel nonthermal technologies as alternatives to conventional thermal treatments. This study identified the processing conditions of these three nonthermal technologies for the pasteurization of strawberry juice based on equivalent inactivation of acid-adapted E. coli. From an industrial point of view, the established processing conditions are useful references for the development of novel berry juices. In addition to microbiological safety, this study on equivalent processing allows direct efficacy and quality comparisons of a given juice pasteurized by the three nonthermal technologies under consideration.
  • Book Part
    Citation - WoS: 7
    Citation - Scopus: 8
    Impact of Irradiation on the Microbial Ecology of Foods
    (Wiley, 2016) Ünlütürk, Sevcan; Ünlütürk, Sevcan