Food Engineering / Gıda Mühendisliği
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/12
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Review Citation - WoS: 10Citation - Scopus: 10Authentication of Vinegars With Targeted and Non-Targeted Methods(Taylor & Francis, 2023) Çavdaroğlu, Çağrı; Çavdaroğlu, Çağrı; Özen, Banu; Özen, Fatma BanuThere has been a growing interest in vinegar, especially after the increasing reports about its beneficial health effects. Bioactive compounds of vinegar are associated with its antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antitumor, and anti-obesity types of activities. Quality of vinegar is related with the authenticity of the product besides the amounts of bioactive compounds in its composition. Addition of cheaper substitutes to higher quality vinegars and false labeling are some common authentication problems for this product. There are various examples of the use of targeted and untargeted methods in authentication studies for vinegars. Specific constituents and properties of vinegars such as molecular isotope ratios and individual volatile compounds were used to detect adulteration with targeted methods. On the other hand, untargeted methods, mostly in the form of the application of spectroscopic techniques, such as infrared and fluorescence spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics, provide an overall measurement. This review mainly focuses on adulteration types and elaborates on different targeted and non-targeted methods used to authenticate vinegars.Article Citation - WoS: 9Citation - Scopus: 11Prediction of Vinegar Processing Parameters With Chemometric Modelling of Spectroscopic Data(Elsevier, 2021) Çavdaroğlu, Çağrı; Çavdaroğlu, Çağrı; Özen, Banu; Özen, Fatma BanuSpectroscopic methods have the advantages of being rapid and environmentally friendly and can be used in measurement and control of processing parameters during food production. It was aimed to predict several quality and chemical parameters of vinegar processing from UV-visible and mid-infrared spectroscopic profiles. Two processing lines of both traditional and submerged vinegar production from 2 separate grape varieties (green and red grapes) were monitored. Some of the important markers of the fermentation processes; pH, brix, total acidity, total flavonoid content, total and individual phenolic contents, organic acid, sugar, ethanol concentrations as well as UV-visible and mid-infrared spectra were obtained during both types of vinegar processing and quality and chemical parameters were predicted from spectroscopic data using chemometric methods. Individual UV-visible and mid-infrared spectral profiles along with low level of data fusion were used in building of chemometric prediction models. Accurate, reliable and robust prediction models (R(2)cal and R(2)val >0.9) were obtained for quality parameters mostly with combination of two spectroscopic datasets. Predictive models used for phenolic components were below average except for p-coumaric and syringic acids. Citric and acetic acids were the most accurately estimated ones among organic acids along with ethanol. Close agreements between reference and predicted values were obtained during the monitoring of changes of some quality parameters for vinegar fermentation process through rapid and simultaneous spectroscopic measurements.Article Citation - WoS: 82Citation - Scopus: 103A Comparative Study of Mid-Infrared, Uv-Visible and Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Combination With Chemometrics for the Detection of Adulteration of Fresh Olive Oils With Old Olive Oils(Elsevier Ltd., 2019) Uncu, Oğuz; Uncu, Oğuz; Özen, Banu; Özen, Fatma BanuThe work aimed to detect and quantify adulteration of fresh olive oils with old olive oils from the previous harvest year by using different spectroscopic approaches in combination with chemometrics. Adulterated samples prepared in varying concentrations (10.50%(v/v)) were analyzed with fluorescence, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopic methods. Orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and partial least squares (PLS) regression techniques were used for the differentiation of adulterated oils from the pure oils and prediction of adulteration levels, respectively. After the application of various pre-treatment methods, all of the OPLS-DA classification models generated for every spectroscopic technique successfully differentiated adulterated and non-adulterated oils with over 90% correct classification rate. FT-IR + UV-vis and fluorescence spectral data were also successfully used to predict adulteration levels with high coefficient of determinations for both calibration (0.94 and 0.98) and prediction (0.91 and 0.97) models and low error values for calibration (4.22% and 2.68%), and prediction (5.20% and 2.82%), compared to individual FT-IR and UV-vis spectroscopy were obtained. Therefore, FT-IR + UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy as being fast and environmentally friendly tools have great potential for both classification and quantification of adulteration practices involving old olive oil.Article Citation - WoS: 23Citation - Scopus: 29Physical Properties of Biopolymers Containing Natamycin and Rosemary Extract(John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2009) Türe, Hasan; Özen, Fatma Banu; Eroğlu, Erdal; Soyer, Ferda; Özen, Banu; Soyer, FerdaAntifungal biopolymers were prepared by incorporating natamycin (NA) and NA + rosemary extract (RE) into wheat gluten (WG) and methyl cellulose (MC) films. Interaction between antimicrobial agents and biopolymers was determined with mid-infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Water vapour permeability and mechanical properties of these films were also measured. Mid-infrared spectroscopy did not indicate any interaction. SEM observations showed that NA crystallises at high concentrations in biopolymers. There were no significant changes in water vapour permeabilities of biopolymers containing active agents at P < 0.05. While NA incorporation did not result in any changes in mechanical properties of WG films a reduction in tensile strength was observed for MC films containing high concentration of NA. In general, active agent incorporation into WG and MC films did not result in any considerable changes in their physical properties that could affect their application.Article Citation - WoS: 94Citation - Scopus: 106Distribution of Simple Phenols, Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids in Turkish Monovarietal Extra Virgin Olive Oils for Two Harvest Years(Elsevier Ltd., 2009) Ocakoğlu, Derya; Tokatlı, Figen; Özen, Fatma Banu; Korel, FigenMonovarietal extra virgin olive oils extracted from six dominant and economically important Turkish olive cultivars (memecik, erkence, domat, nizip-yaglik, gemlik, ayvalik) were examined for their simple phenolics, phenolic acids and flavonoid compounds over 2005 and 2006 harvest years. Total phenol contents, oxidative stabilities and chromatic ordinates as colour parameters were also measured. The most typical phenolic compounds that were identified in both years are hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, luteolin, and apigenin. Multivariate data were analysed by principal component and partial least square-discriminant analyses. It was observed that phenolic profiles of olive oils depended highly on harvest season. In addition, oils of different olive cultivars have different distribution of phenols. No significant correlation was observed between oxidative stability and phenolic compounds. Increase in peroxide value over an accelerated oxidation period of 11 days showed weak correlations with total phenol content, vanillin, syringic acid and colour parameter a*, as 0.56, 0.55, -0.42, and 0.51, respectively, in terms of correlation coefficient r.Article Citation - WoS: 231Citation - Scopus: 264Detection of Adulteration of Extra-Virgin Olive Oil by Chemometric Analysis of Mid-Infrared Spectral Data(Elsevier Ltd., 2009) Gürdeniz, Gözde; Özen, Fatma BanuThis study focuses on the detection and quantification of extra-virgin olive oil adulteration with different edible oils using mid-infrared (IR) spectroscopy with chemometrics. Mid-IR spectra were manipulated with wavelet compression previous to principal component analysis (PCA). Detection limit of adulteration was determined as 5% for corn-sunflower binary mixture, cottonseed and rapeseed oils. For quantification of adulteration, mid-IR spectral data were manipulated with orthogonal signal correction (OSC) and wavelet compression before partial least square (PLS) analysis. The results revealed that models predict the adulterants, corn-sunflower binary mixture, cottonseed and rapeseed oils, in olive oil with error limits of 1.04, 1.4 and 1.32, respectively. Furthermore, the data were analysed with a general PCA model and PLS discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to observe the efficiency of the model to detect adulteration regardless of the type of adulterant oil. In this case, detection limit for adulteration is determined as 10%.Article Citation - WoS: 120Citation - Scopus: 135Authentication of Pomegranate Juice Concentrate Using Ftir Spectroscopy and Chemometrics(Elsevier Ltd., 2008) Vardin, Hasan; Tay, Abdullatif; Özen, Fatma Banu; Mauer, LisaFourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and chemometric techniques were used to detect the adulteration of pomegranate juice concentrate (PJC) with grape juice concentrate (GJC). The main differences between PJC and GJC infrared spectra occurred in the 1780-1685 cm-1 region, which corresponds to C{double bond, long}O stretching. Principal component analysis of the spectra was used to: (1) differentiate pure PJC and GJC samples and (2) classify adulterated (containing 2-14% vol/vol GJC) and pure PJC samples. Two principal components explained 99% of the variability in each of these applications. Partial least square analysis of the spectra resulted in prediction of the GJC adulterant concentration in PJC with a correlation coefficient, R2, of 0.9751. Partial least square analysis of spectra could also predict % titratable acidity and total solids in PJC with correlation coefficients of 0.9114 and 0.9916, respectively. Therefore, FTIR and chemometrics provide a useful approach for authenticating pomegranate juice concentrate.Article Citation - WoS: 11Citation - Scopus: 13Water Vapour Barrier Performance of Corn-Zein Coated Polypropylene (pp) Packaging Films(Springer Verlag, 2008) Atik, İsa Doğan; Özen, Fatma Banu; Tıhmınlıoğlu, FundaThe novel film structure of corn-zein coated on polypropylene (PP) synthetic film for packaging industry was developed to examine the feasibility of resulting coated films as an alternative water barrier performance for food packaging. The effects of coating formulation (solvent, corn-zein, plasticizer concentration and plasticizer type) on final properties of films were observed. Corn-zein is the most important protein of corn and has good film forming property. Composites structures of PP films coated with corn-zein were obtained through a simple solvent casting method. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and glycerol (GLY) were used as plasticizer to increase film flexibility. Statistical analysis based on full factorial design was performed to observe coating formulation effects. The high water vapour barriers were obtained for films coated with coating formulation consisting of higher amounts of corn-zein plasticized by GLY. The lower glass transition temperatures (T g) of films were obtained by plasticization of films and T g decreased by increasing plasticizer content. The statistical analysis defined the key parameters of coating formulation that had major effects on the final properties of coated PP films as corn-zein, plasticizer concentration and plasticizer type. In conclusion, corn-zein coatings could have potential as an alternative to conventional synthetic polymers used in composite multilayer structures for food packaging applications.Article Citation - WoS: 75Citation - Scopus: 78Classification of Turkish Olive Oils With Respect To Cultivar, Geographic Origin and Harvest Year, Using Fatty Acid Profile and Mid-Ir Spectroscopy(Springer Verlag, 2008) Gürdeniz, Gözde; Özen, Fatma Banu; Tokatlı, FigenFatty acid composition and mid-infrared spectra of olive oils in combination with chemometric techniques were used in the classification of Turkish olive oils with respect to their varieties, growing location and harvest year. In particular, olive oil samples belonging to five different cultivars were obtained from the same orchard in the middle part of Aegean region and two of these varieties were also received from another orchard in northern part of the same region of Turkey in two consecutive harvest years. Evaluation of nine different fatty acid compositions with principal component analysis revealed clear differentiation with respect to variety, geographical origin and harvest year. On the other hand, mid-infrared spectra also achieved varietal and seasonal discrimination to some extent, but differentiation is not as clear as that obtained using fatty acid compositions. © 2008 Springer-Verlag.Article Citation - WoS: 46Citation - Scopus: 52Antifungal Activity of Biopolymers Containing Natamycin and Rosemary Extract Against Aspergillus Niger and Penicillium Roquefortii(John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2008) Türe, Hasan; Eroğlu, Erdal; Soyer, Ferda; Özen, Fatma BanuAntimicrobial agent-releasing films have been proposed as an effective way of inhibiting chiefly surface spoilage of food products. Antifungal activities of natamycin (NA), rosemary extract (RE) and NA + RE were tested against Aspergillus niger and Penicillium roquefortii with agar disc diffusion assay. NA, RE and NA + RE were also included into biopolymers made from gluten and methyl cellulose. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of NA in both films were 2 and 1 mg NA per 10 g film solution against A. niger and P. roquefortii, respectively. RE did not show any inhibitory antifungal activity alone. Although NA incorporated into both films at a concentration of 1.5 mg NA per 10 g film solution was not effective against A. niger, combination of NA at the same concentration with RE in the films inhibited the growth of this mould. NA in solution or in biopolymers is very effective in inhibiting the growth of selected organisms, and RE acted synergistically with NA to prevent the growth of A. niger when incorporated into both films. © 2008 Institute of Food Science and Technology