Food Engineering / Gıda Mühendisliği
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/12
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Review Citation - WoS: 41Citation - Scopus: 43Electrochemical Sensors in the Food Sector: a Review(American Chemical Society, 2024) Ghaani, Masoud; Azimzadeh, Mostafa; Büyüktaş, Duygu; Carullo, Daniele; Farris, StefanoIn a world that is becoming increasingly concerned with health, safety, and the sustainability of food supply chains, the control and assurance of food quality have become of utmost importance. This review examines the application and potential of electrochemical sensors in the dynamic field of food science to meet these expanding demands. The article introduces electrochemical sensors and describes their operational mechanics and the components contributing to their function. A summary of the most prevalent electrochemical methods outlines the diverse food analysis techniques available. The review shifts to discussing the food science applications of these sensors, highlighting their crucial role in detecting compounds in food samples like meat, fish, juice, and milk for contemporary quality control. This paper showcases electrochemical sensors' utility in food analysis, underscoring their significance as powerful, efficient tools for maintaining food safety and how they could transform our approach to global food quality control and assurance.Article Citation - WoS: 6Citation - Scopus: 7Acid-Derived Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals as Organic Filler for the Generation of High-Oxygen Barrier Bio-Nanocomposite Coatings(Royal Soc Chemistry, 2023) Carullo, Daniele; Rovera, Cesare; Bellesia, Tommaso; Büyüktaş, Duygu; Ghaani, Masoud; Santo, Nadia; Farris, StefanoMacro-sized bacterial cellulose (BC) derived from Komagataeibacter sucrofermentans was down-sized into nanocrystals (BCNCs) through hydrochloric acid (H-BCNCs) and sulfuric acid (S-BCNCs) hydrolysis. Initially, aqueous dispersions of BCNCs were analyzed for stability, size/morphology, and optical/mechanical properties. Subsequently, BCNCs were incorporated into a main biopolymer phase (i.e., pullulan) to create bio-nanocomposite coatings with high-oxygen barrier performance. Upon treatment with sulfuric acid, nano-sized particles (approximate to 240 nm) were observed, contrasting with significantly larger sizes (approximate to 1.8 mu m) seen for particles obtained using hydrochloric acid. Microscopy analyses revealed a needle-like morphology of the nanocrystals, which appeared organized in stacks for H-BCNCs or as individual units for S-BCNCs. Pullulan/BCNCs coatings applied to polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) films improved the gas barrier performance of the original substrate, by dramatically reducing the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) values from approximate to 120 cm3 m-2 24 h-1 to approximate to 2 cm3 m-2 24 h-1 while preserving its original optical and mechanical properties. Our developed bionanocomposite-coated PET films hold potential as an alternative material for various food packaging applications. This study investigates the effect of the hydrolysis process on bacterial cellulose (BC) to obtain bacterial cellulose nanocrystals (BCNCs) used to create high oxygen barrier nanocomposite coatings for food packaging applications.Article Citation - WoS: 7Citation - Scopus: 9A Screen-Printed Electrode Modified With Gold Nanoparticles/ Cellulose Nanocrystals for Electrochemical Detection of 4,4'-methylene Diphenyl Diamine(Elsevier, 2023) Büyüktaş, Duygu; Ghaani, Masoud; Rovera, Cesare; Carullo, Daniele; Olsson, Richard T.; Korel, Figen; Farris, StefanoDeveloping simple, cost-effective, easy-to-use, and reliable analytical devices if of utmost importance for the food industry for rapid in-line checks of their products that must comply with the provisions set by the current legislation. The purpose of this study was to develop a new electrochemical sensor for the food packaging sector. More specifically, we propose a screen -printed electrode (SPE) modified with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for the quantification of 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diamine (MDA), which is one of the most important PAAs that can transfer from food packaging materials into food stuffs. The electrochemical performance of the proposed sensor (AuNPs/CNCs/SPE) in the presence of 4,4'- MDA was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The modified AuNPs/CNCs/SPE showed the highest sensitivity for 4,4'-MDA detection, with a peak current of 9.81 mu A compared with 7.08 mu A for the bare SPE. The highest sensitivity for 4,4'-MDA oxidation was observed at pH = 7, whereas the detection limit was found at 57 nM and the current response of 4,4'-MDA rose linearly as its concentration increased from 0.12 mu M to 100 mu M. Experiments using real packaging materials revealed that employing nanoparticles dramatically improved both the sensitivity and the selectivity of the sensor, which can be thus considered as a new analytical tool for quick, simple, and accurate measurement of 4,4 '-MDA during converting operations.Article Citation - WoS: 9Citation - Scopus: 8Development of a New Electrochemical Sensor Based on Molecularly Imprinted Biopolymer for Determination of 4,4'-methylene Diphenyl Diamine(MDPI, 2023) Ghaani, Masoud; Büyüktaş, Duygu; Carullo, Daniele; Farris, StefanoA new molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor was proposed to determine 4,4' methylene diphenyl diamine (MDA) using molecularly imprinted polymer-multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode (MIP/MWCNTs/GCE). GCE was coated by MWCNTs (MWCNTs/GCE) because of their antifouling qualities and in order to improve the sensor sensitivity. To make the whole sensor, a polymeric film made up of chitosan nanoparticles was electrodeposited by the cyclic voltammetry method on the surface of MWCNTs/GCE in the presence of MDA as a template. Different parameters such as scan cycles, elution time, incubation time, molar ratio of template molecules to functional monomers, and pH were optimized to increase the performance of the MIP sensor. With a detection limit of 15 nM, a linear response to MDA was seen in the concentration range of 0.5-100 mu M. The imprinting factor (IF) of the proposed sensor was also calculated at around 3.66, demonstrating the extremely high recognition performance of a MIP/MWCNT-modified electrode. Moreover, the sensor exhibited good reproducibility and selectivity. Finally, the proposed sensor was efficiently used to determine MDA in real samples with satisfactory recoveries ranging from 94.10% to 106.76%.Article Citation - WoS: 39Citation - Scopus: 41Novel Edible Films of Pectins Extracted From Low-Grade Fruits and Stalk Wastes of Sun-Dried Figs: Effects of Pectin Composition and Molecular Properties on Film Characteristics(Elsevier, 2023) Çavdaroğlu, Elif; Büyüktaş, Duygu; Farris, Stefano; Yemenicioğlu, AhmetThis study aimed to explore the characteristics of novel fig pectin films. For this purpose, films of crude fig pectin (CFP) extracted from low-grade sun-dried fruits and films of crude (CSP) and purified (PSP) stalk pectins extracted from stalk waste of processed high-quality sun-dried figs were evaluated for their physicochemical properties. The properties of pristine (CFP, CSP, and PSP films) and CaCl2 cross-linked films (CFP–Ca++, CSP-Ca++and PSP-Ca++ films) of fig pectins were also compared with films of commercial citrus (CP and CP-Ca++) and apple (AP, AP-Ca++) pectins. The cross-linking improved the mechanical strength and barrier properties of most films. CP, CP-Ca++, PSP, and PSP-Ca++ films showed greater mechanical strength and stiffness than other films. PSP-Ca++, PSP and CP-Ca++ films showed the lowest water vapor permeability (6.28, 12.85, 14.96 g.mm.m−2.day−1.kPa−1, respectively) while CSP-Ca++, CP-Ca++, CP, PSP-Ca++ films showed the lowest oxygen permeability coefficients (5403, 8265, 10776, 11124 mL.μm.m−2.24h−1.atm−1, respectively). All cross-linked fig pectin films showed 2–3 fold lower degree of swelling than CP-Ca++ film. The CFP-Ca++ film showed the highest surface hydrophobicity (contact angle = 101.8°) but the lowest water solubility (32.8%) and degree of swelling. Analysis of Pearson's correlations between pectin properties and film characteristics revealed that galacturonic acid (GA) content affects the mechanical properties, while GA content, degree of esterification (DE), and acetylation affect the moisture barrier performance; finally, GA content and DE affect the oxygen barrier performance of pectin films. Films of stalk waste pectins showed some properties beyond the limits of those obtained from commercial pectins.Article Citation - WoS: 7Citation - Scopus: 6Development of a Nano-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for the Determination of 2,6-Diaminotoluene (tda)(Elsevier, 2021) Büyüktaş, Duygu; Ghaani, Masoud; Rovera, Cesare; Olsson, Richard T.; Korel, Figen; Farris, StefanoThe objective of this study was to improve the overall performance of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the detection of 2,6-diaminotoluene (TDA), a possibly carcinogenic primary aromatic amines (PAAs) that poses a serious risk for the consumer' health because they can transfer from multilayer food packages including adhesives based on aromatic polyurethane (PU) systems, to the food. The modification of the electrode surface was made by means of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and mesopomus carbon nanoparticles (MCNs). The MWCNTs-MCNs/GCE allowed achieving the best performance in terms of sensitivity, as revealed by cyclic voltammetry - CV, with an oxidation peak of 20.95 mu A over 0.079 mu A of the bare GCE. The pH of the medium influenced the oxidation of 2,6-TDA, with highest sensitivity at pH similar to 7. Amperometry experiments led to an estimated detection limit of 0.129 mu M, and three linear ranges were obtained for 2,6-TDA: 0.53-11.37 mu M, 11.37-229.36 mu M, and 229.36-2326.60 mu M. Chronoamperometry experiments combined with Cottrell's theory allowed estimating a diffusion coefficient of 2,6-TDA of 1.34 x 10(-4) cm(2) s(-1). The number of electrons (n similar to 1) involved in the catalytic oxidation of 2,6-TDA was determined according to the Lavimn's theory. Real sample tests demonstrated that the modification of the sensor using nanoparticls allowed to obtain a highly sensitive and selective sensor, which can possibly used as an alternative analytical device for the rapid, easy, and reliable determination of 2,6-TDA.Editorial Citation - WoS: 5Citation - Scopus: 7Natural Hydrocolloids in the Food Sector - Recent Applications Beyond Conventional Uses(Wiley, 2020) Yemenicioğlu, Ahmet; Farris, Stefano; Türkyılmaz, Meltem; Güleç, ŞükrüIn food industry, natural hydrocolloids have been extensively used to increase the functionality of different food products such as beverages, bakery and confectionery, sauces and dressings, and meat and poultry. Conventional applications of hydrocolloids in the food industry are still based on their rheological and surface‐active properties (Dickinson, 2018; Nishinari et al., 2018; Yousefi & Jafari, 2019). However, recent developments in the hydrocolloids sector fuelled by sophisticated market demands and emerging new technologies expanded the applications of hydrocolloids beyond their conventional uses.Article Citation - WoS: 15Citation - Scopus: 21Development of Pectin-Eugenol Emulsion Coatings for Inhibition of Listeria on Webbed-Rind Melons: a Comparative Study With Fig and Citrus Pectins(John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2020) Çavdaroğlu, Elif; Farris, Stefano; Yemenicioğlu, AhmetThe objective of this study was to employ pectin-based antimicrobial coatings for inhibition of Listeria on surfaces of whole webbed-rind melons that cause frequent outbreaks of listeriosis. For this purpose, emulsion-based coatings were developed using citrus pectin (CPEC) or pectin extracted from processing wastes of sun-dried figs (FPEC) and eugenol (EUG). The emulsions of FPEC and CPEC with EUG (droplet size range: 1.99-11.22 mu m) were highly stable for minimum 10 days at 10 degrees C. The FPEC-EUG films showed higher flexibility and degree of wettability than CPEC-EUG films. In contrast, CPEC-EUG films had a higher gas barrier performance against oxygen at 50% relative humidity than FPEC-EUG films. The zone inhibition tests showed that FPEC-EUG films are more effective against Listeria innocua than CPEC-EUG films. However, FPEC and CPEC coatings with 2% EUG caused 2.2 and 2.7 decimal inactivation of Listeria on Galia melons within 1 week, respectively. The pectin coatings with EUG could reduce the risk of listeriosis from webbed-rind melons.Article Citation - WoS: 19Citation - Scopus: 20Transparent Pullulan/Mica Nanocomposite Coatings With Outstanding Oxygen Barrier Properties(MDPI Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2017) Uysal Ünalan, İlke; Boyacı, Derya; Trabattoni, Silvia; Tavazzi, Silvia; Farris, StefanoThis study presents a new bionanocomposite coating on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) made of pullulan and synthetic mica. Mica nanolayers have a very high aspect ratio (α), at levels much greater than that of conventional exfoliated clay layers (e.g., montmorillonite). A very small amount of mica (0.02 wt %, which is φ ≈ 0.00008) in pullulan coatings dramatically improved the oxygen barrier performance of the nanocomposite films under dry conditions, however, this performance was partly lost as the environmental relative humidity (RH) increased. This outcome was explained in terms of the perturbation of the spatial ordering of mica sheets within the main pullulan phase, because of RH fluctuations. This was confirmed by modelling of the experimental oxygen transmission rate (OTR) data according to Cussler’s model. The presence of the synthetic nanobuilding block (NBB) led to a decrease in both static and kinetic coefficients of friction, compared with neat PET (≈12% and 23%, respectively) and PET coated with unloaded pullulan (≈26% reduction in both coefficients). In spite of the presence of the filler, all of the coating formulations did not significantly impair the overall optical properties of the final material, which exhibited haze values below 3% and transmittance above 85%. The only exception to this was represented by the formulation with the highest loading of mica (1.5 wt %, which is φ ≈ 0.01). These findings revealed, for the first time, the potential of the NBB mica to produce nanocomposite coatings in combination with biopolymers for the generation of new functional features, such as transparent high oxygen barrier materials.Article Citation - WoS: 24Citation - Scopus: 23Graphene Oxide Bionanocomposite Coatings With High Oxygen Barrier Properties(MDPI Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2016) Uysal Ünalan, İlke; Boyacı, Derya; Ghaani, Masoud; Trabattoni, Silvia; Farris, StefanoIn this work, we present the development of bionanocomposite coatings on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with outstanding oxygen barrier properties. Pullulan and graphene oxide (GO) were used as main polymer phase and nanobuilding block (NBB), respectively. The oxygen barrier performance was investigated at different filler volume fractions (φ) and as a function of different relative humidity (RH) values. Noticeably, the impermeable nature of GO was reflected under dry conditions, in which an oxygen transmission rate (OTR, mL m-2 24 h-1) value below the detection limit of the instrument (0.01 mL m-2 24 h-1) was recorded, even for ' as low as 0.0004. A dramatic increase of the OTR values occurred in humid conditions, such that the barrier performance was totally lost at 90% RH (the OTR of coated PET films was equal to the OTR of bare PET films). Modelling of the experimental OTR data by Cussler’s model suggested that the spatial ordering of GO sheets within the main pullulan phase was perturbed because of RH fluctuations. In spite of the presence of the filler, all the formulations allowed the obtainment of final materials with haze values below 3%, the only exception being the formulation with the highest loading of GO (φ 0.03). The mechanisms underlying the experimental observations are discussed.