Architecture / Mimarlık

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11147/24

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Author: search.filters.author.Wittkopf, StephenSubject: search.filters.subject.Daylighting

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Now showing 1 - 3 of 3
  • Article
    Citation - Scopus: 8
    High-Resolution Data-Driven Models of Daylight Redirection Components
    (TU Delft Open, 2017) Grobe, Lars Oliver; Wittkopf, Stephen; Kazanasmaz, Zehra Tuğçe
    Daylight Redirecting Components (DRCs) guide daylight to zones with insufficient daylight exposure. They reduce energy demand for lighting, heating and cooling, and improve visual and thermal comfort. The data-driven model in Radiance is a means to model DRCs in daylight simulation. Rather than internal optical mechanisms, their resulting Bidirectional Scattering Distribution Function (BSDF) is replicated. We present models of two DRCs that are generated from measurements. The impact of the following three necessary steps in the generation of data-driven models from measured BSDF shall be evaluated: 1) interpolation between measurements at sparse sets of incident directions; 2) extrapolation for directions that cannot be measured; 3) application of a directional basis of given directional resolution. It is shown that data-driven models can provide a realistic representation of both DRCs. The sensitivity to effects from interpolation differs for the two DRCs due to the varying complexity of their BSDFs. Due to the irregularity of the measured BSDFs, extrapolation is not reliable and fails for both tested DRCs. Different measurement and modeling protocols should be applied to different class systems, rather than aiming at a common low-resolution discretization.
  • Conference Object
    Comparison of Measured and Computed Bsdf of a Daylight Redirecting Component
    (EPFL Scientific Publications, 2015) Grobe, Lars Oliver; Noback, A.; Wittkopf, Stephen; Kazanasmaz, Zehra Tuğçe
    The Bidirectional Scatter Distribution Function (BSDF) of a selected Daylight Redirecting Component (DRC) is computed by a virtual goniophotometer using the enhanced photon map extension in Radiance, and compared to measured BSDF data. The DRC comprises a stack of tilted aluminum louvers with configurable inclination angle. The profile of the louvers is designed to control transmission depending on sun altitude, and to redirect light up towards the ceiling. The measured BSDF of the DRC is obtained from a scanning goniophotometer. For a sparse set of three source directions, the distribution is recorded at ≃ 250,000 receiver directions. The asymmetric angular resolution allows detailed observation of characteristic features in the distribution, which are assumed to persist over a range of source directions. For each pair of source and receiver directions in the measurement, the computed BSDF is generated from a model of the DRC, replicating the measurement with a virtual goniophotometer. The simulation relies only on the enhanced photon map extension for Radiance. The BSDF from measurement and simulation are compared qualitatively and quantitatively to discuss the degree of accordance. The presence of characteristic features and their topology is evaluated by comparing polar surface plots of the distributions and profiles of the scatter plane. The direct-hemispherical transmission is compared for each measurement and simulation. The RMSE of each computed distribution against the corresponding measurements is calculated to quantify the directionally resolved deviation. A high degree of qualitative accordance between the computed and the measured BSDF is achieved. Prominent features in the BSDF are represented by the model. A deviation of −6% to +15% is observed in a quantitative comparison of direct-hemispherical transmission by integration of computed and measured BSDF. The RMSE indicates higher deviations for lower source altitudes, where a direct transmission peak in the distribution is underestimated by the model. The method is proposed as a means to validate the capability of the enhanced photon map to predict transmission through DRC.
  • Article
    Citation - WoS: 40
    Citation - Scopus: 51
    Three Approaches To Optimize Optical Properties and Size of a South-Facing Window for Spatial Daylight Autonomy
    (Elsevier Ltd., 2016) Kazanasmaz, Zehra Tuğçe; Grobe, Lars Oliver; Bauer, Carsten; Krehel, Marek; Wittkopf, Stephen
    This study presents optimization approaches by a recent Climate-Based-Daylight-Modeling tool, EvalDRC, to figure out the necessary area for a daylight redirecting micro-prism film (MPF) while minimizing the glazing area. The performance of a window in terms of spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA) is optimized by its geometry and optical properties. Data implemented in simulation model are gathered through on-site measurements and Bidirectional-Scattering Distribution Function (BSDF) gonio-measurements. EvalDRC based on Radiance with a data driven model of the films' BSDF evaluates the window configurations in the whole year. The case to achieve an sDA of at least 75% is a South-facing window of a classroom in Switzerland. A window zone from 0.90 m to 1.80 m height provides view to the outside. The upper zone from 1.80 m to 3.60 m is divided into six areas of 0.30 m height in three optimization approaches including the operation of sunshades as well. First, the size of the clear glazing is incrementally reduced to find the smallest acceptable window-to-wall ratio (WWR). Second, micro-prism films are applied to an incrementally varying fraction the initial glazed area to determine the minimum film-to-window ratio (FWR). Finally, both approaches are combined for a minimum FWR and WWR. With clear glazing and WWR of 75%, the sDA of 70.2% fails to meet the requirements. An sDA of 86.4% and 80.8% can be achieved with WWR 75%, FWR 1/9 and WWR 50%, FWR 1/2 respectively. The results demonstrate the films' potential to improve the performance of windows with reduced WWR.